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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


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11.25 


1.4 


12.5 
2.2 

1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14380 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


<f> 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
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which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  coulour 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 


Covers  restored  a<id/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  tit 


titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReM  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  fiimdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Las  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


□  Coloured  pages/ 
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□    Pages  damaged/ 
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I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcclor^es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 


□Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachdes 


1/ 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


r~n    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  indgale  de  {'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partlellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  4t^  film^es  d  nouveau  de  facon  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


J/ 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


'e 

etails 
>s  du 
nodifier 
>r  une 
ilmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thank* 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Lakehead  University 
Thunder  Bay 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


3S 


L'exemplaire  filmi  fut  reproduit  grdce  ii  la 
gin^rositi  de: 

Lakehead  University 
Thunder  Bay 

Les  Images  suivantes  ont  6t4  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  rexemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  filmis  en  commencant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  ▼  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »■  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiim^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
bOrsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film*  d  partir 
de  I'angle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  it  droits, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


errata 
to 


pelure, 
in  i 


n 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

s 


REPORTS 

OF 

WM.  A.  BURT  AND  BELA  HUBBARD,  ES(IS. 

ON  THE 

QdOOllAPHir,  TOPOGRAPHY  ANO  OEOI.OGY 

OF  THE 

U.  S.  SURVEYS  OF  THE  MINERAL  REGION 

OF  THE 

SOUTH  SHORE  OF  LAKE  SUPERIOR,  FOR  1845 ; 

ACCOMPANIED  BY  A  LIST  OF  WORKING   AND  ORGANIZED  MINING  COM- 
PANIES ;  A  LIST  OF  MINERAL  LOCATIONS  ;   BY  WHOM  MADE, 

AND  A 

CORRECT  MAP  OF  THE  MINERAL  REGION, 

DELINEATING  THE  TOWNSHIP  AND  SECTION  LINES,  AND  THEIR 
CONNECTION  WITH  THE  LOCATION  LINES; 

AND  ALSO,  A 

CHART  OF  LAKE  SUPERIOR, 

REDUCED  FROM  THE  BRITISH  ADMIRALTY  SURVEY. 


BY  J.  HOUGHTON,  Jr.  and  T.  W.  BRISTOL. 


DETROIT: 


RfNTEB  BY  CHARLES  WILLCOX. 


1846. 


'HI 


I    !•-'*  " 


. 


Entered  according  to 

BvJ.HocauTON.Jr.andT.W.BRisTO. 

ia  the  Clerk'8  Office  of  the  Diatrict 


X^T^Co^g^i"  the  year  1846, 
andT.  W.Bristol, 
Court  for  the  District  of  Michigan. 


S 


(o  (o  ^    '^ 


ADVERTISEMENT. 

TSK  public  mind  being,  at  the  present  time,  directed  v,ith  deep  interest 
Jlte  mi^eral  region  of  LaWe  Superior,  ^^l^;^;^ 
II  •  fow^ation  in  reeard  to  that  interesting  country,  by  the  lequest  oi  nu 

l«=atlonB.  «.d  bylhe«  mean,  »».'"''«  ""^"'''""^^  ,^.ri„„,,  .„d  .h™Jd 

«hi.h  «e  have  '"'^"f  „  J^  *";' "g^j,  „h„  Lengaged  b,  the  Briti* 

one  executed  by  Lieut.  Henry  W .  i>ayne*u,  w"  a-o 

™:  *leut  ia  U.e  year,  1824  and  1825,  in  n^iog  a  survey  of  to  W<e, 

Ld  .he  mos.  in,pUoit  confidence  can  Wf  »* '-"J^-^^  Office,  and 
The  Repom  are  the  same  a,  .^an^d  to  Ae  ^«'^'^^*    ^^.^^  ^^ 
gl«,  a  concise  and  comprehensive  descnpaon  of  the  country  oye 

surveys  have  been  extended.  „„„h.r  mnv  have  been  over- 

In  the  U.t  of  Mining  Companies,  quite  a  number  may  .'^«^ 

list. 


The  Frontispiece  represent,  tie  junction  of  the  ,uar..  rock  with  «« 
sandrock,  as  seenbetween  Chocolate  and  Carp  nvers. 


CONTENTS. 


12,  17 

79 

95 

07 

lUO 

101 

102 

3 


Argillnrx'ouH  Slates, 

Apostles'  Islands, 

Albion  Co. 

Algonquin  Co.  of  Detroit, 

Algonquin  Co.  of  Boston, 

American  Exploring  Co. 

Algomah  Co. 

Burt,  Wni.  A  ,  Report  of, 

Bohemian  Co. 

Boston  Co. 

Baltimore  Co. 

Boston,  New  York  and  Lake  Superi 
or  Co. 

Boston  and  North  American  Co. 

Black  River  Co. 

Boston  and  Detroit  Co. 

Conglomerate  Rock, 

Clay  Slate, 

Comparison  of  the  veins  of  Corn- 
wall with  the  veins  of'the  Lake 
Superior  country, 

Cotemporaneous  and  true  veins. 

Copper  Rock  of  Ontonagon  River, 

Coasting  distances  around  Lake  Su- 
perior, 

Copper  Fiills  Co. 

Chippewa  Co, 

Charter  Oak  Co. 

Carp  River  Co.  of  Boston, 

Carp  River  Gold  &  Silver  Min'g  Co. 

Columbian  Co. 

Copper  Rock  Co. 

Cuyahoga  Co. 

Drift, 

Eagle  Harbor  Co. 

Franklin  Co.  of  Vermont, 

Forsyth  Co. 

Franklin  Co.  of  Boston, 

Glossary  of  Technical  Terms, 

Globe  Co. 

Great  Western  &  Lake  Superior  Co 

Green  Mountain  &  L.  Superior  Co. 

Hubbard,  Bel  a,  Report  of, 

Hays'  Co. 

Isle  Royale, 

Isle  Royale  Co.    ' 

Jackson  Co. 

Keewenaw  Point, 

Keewenaw  Co. 

Lake  Superior  Co. 

Lake  Shore  Co. 

Lac  La  Belle  Co. 

List  of  Locations, 

Metamorphic  Rocks, 

Mixed  Conglomerate  and  Sandrock,     31 

Mineral  Veins,  "  34, 40, 43 

Minerals  oftho  Primary  Rocks,  40j 

Minerals  of  th<;  Metamorphic  Rocks,    40! 


93 
93 
95 

97] 

99 

101 

102 

14,  30 

27 


6P 
77 

90 
92 
100 
100 
100 
101 
101 
102 
102 
19 


rAOK. 
41 


Minerals  of  the  Trap  Rocks, 
iMinerals  of  the  Conglomerate  mi.\- 
I    ed  and  red  Sandrock, 
[Mackinac  and  Lake  Superior  Co. 
Manhattan  Co. 
iMineral  Creek  Co. 
; Massachusetts  Co. 
Michigan  Co. 

Marshall  and  Boston  Lake  Superior 

Co. 
North  American  Co. 
New  York  and  Lake  Superior  Co. 
Northwest  Co. 

Northwestern  Co.  of  Detroit, 
New  York  and  Michigan  Co. 
National  Co. 

New  England  and  Michigan  Co. 
New  England  Co. 
Northwestern  Co.  of  Flint, 
Ontonagon  Co. 
Organized  Companies, 
Old  Settlers'  Co. 
Ohio  Co. 

Porcupine  Mountains, 
Primary  Rocks, 
Presque  Isle, 

Pigeon  River  and  the  country  west, 
Pittsburgh  &  Boston  Cop.  Harb.  Co. 
Peninsula  Co. 
Porcupine  Mountain  Co. 
Pittsburgh  and  Chippewa  Co. 
Portage  Co. 

Red  and  variegated  Sandstone, 
Red  Sandstone, 
92|  Streams,  Lake  coast  and  Harbors, 
96|  Section  illustrative  of  the  super-po- 
99      sitlon  of  rocks  upon  the  upper  pen- 
lOOj     insula  of  Michigan, 
e2|  Stanard's  Rock, 
96|  Superior  Co. 
90i.Ste  Marie  Falls  Co. 

Silver  and  Copper  Co.  of  Ontonagon 

Rapids, 
St.  Croix  Co. 

Trap  Range  of  Keewenaw  Point, 
Trap  Rocks, 
Trap  Dykes, 

Table  showing  the  average  annual 
produce  of  the  copper  mines  of 
Cornwall  from  1771  to  1822,  67 

United  States  Co.  95 

Union  Co.  '  102 

Veins  and  Veinstones,  15 

Vein  of  black  osid  at  Cop.  Harbor,     58 
Walker  &  Douglass,  Letter  of,  to 

Hon.  Lucius  I^yon,  l 

i  Working  Companies,  02 


102 
21 
98 
60,  79 
94 
98 
27 

102 
92 
99 

101 

103 
24 


42 
06 
97 
99 
101 
101 

102 
!)3 
93 
94 
9.5 
05 
08 
98 
100 
100 
94 

t^ 

97 

109 

8,18 

11,22 

01 

80 

}J2 

96 

07 

101 

102 

13 

18,  27,  34 

5.7 


39 
81 
94 
99 

99 
100 
5,14 

28 
32 


*.•  ; 


Sii 


der  < 

quire^ 

bordf 

this 

death 

pape 

amin 

Hubl 

Dr.  : 

ofthi 

State 

prepi 

from 

with 

The 

not  li 

relat 

in  d( 

Hou 

inves 

how( 

advo 

with 

zeal( 


41 

mix- 

42 

0.        })6 
97 

101 
101 

lerior 

102 
1)3 

'0.  93 
94 
95 
05 
98 
98 
100 

m 

07 

loa 

8,18 

11,22 

61 

•est,    80 

Co.     92 

96 

97 

101 

102 

13 

18,27,34 

3,       5, 7 

-po- 

pen- 

39 
81 
04 
99 

tgon 

99 
100 

t,  5,14 
28 
32 


67 

95 

102 

15 

58 


Detiioit,  Feb.  10,  IS  IG. 


.02 


Sir, 


By  contmct  with  the  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Office,  un- 
der date  of  June  25,   1344,  the  late  Du.  Douglass  Houghton  was  re- 
quired to  make  both  a  linear  and  geological  survey  of  a  section  of  country 
bordering   on  the   south  shoi'e   of  Lake   Superior.     He  waa  engaged  iu 
this  work,  which  was    nearly  completed,  at  the  time  of  his    lamented 
death.     As  administrators  of  his  estate,  we  have  caused  the  field  iictcs  and 
papers  connected  with  the  survey,  as  far  as  completed,  to  be  cmvfully  ex- 
amined, and  the  accompanying  reports  of  Mr.  Wm.  A.  Burt,  and  Mr.  B. 
Hubbard,  to  be  prepared.     Mr.  Burt,  who  was  the  principal  assistant  of 
Dr.  Houghton  in  the  field,  reports  in  full  as  to  the  geology  and  topography 
of  that  portion  of  the  country  surveyed  by  him;  and  Mr.  Hubbard,  Assistant 
State  Geologist  of  this  State,  and  whom  we  employed  for  that  purpose,  has 
prepared  a  like  full  report  upon  the  remainder  of  the  surveyed  territory, 
from  the  field  notes  of  the  survey  and  the  specimens  collected.     We  here- 
with submit  these  reports  to  you,  with  the  field  notes  and  other  papers,  &(.-. 
The  linear  survey,  as  far  tjie  work  has  progressed,  is  complete.     It  t.-ould 
not  have  been  expected  that  the   information,  contained  in  the  reports,  in 
relation  to  the  geology  of  the  country,  would  bo  as  complete  and  as  accurate 
in  detail,  as  it  would  have  been,  could  they  have  been  prepared  by  Dr. 
Houghton  himself,  who  had,  for  many  years,  been  zealously  engaged  in  the 
investigation  and  study  of  the  peculiar  formations  of  this  region.     Enough, 
however,  will  appear,  to  enable  the  Government  to  appreciate,  both  the 
advantages,  and  the  perfect  feasibility,  of  the  plan  of  connecting  geological 
with  the  linear   surveys  of  government  lands,  as  originally  proposed  and 
zealously  advocated  by  Dr.  Houghton. 

Respectfully,  yours, 
[signed.]  henry  N.  walker, 

SAM'L  T.  DOUGLASS. 

To  Hon.  Lucius  Lyon, 

Surveyor  General,  ^c. 


i\r 


TOPOGRAPHY  AND  GEOLOGl 


OF    THE 


SURVEY 


or  A 


DISTRICT    OF    TOWNSHIP   LINES 
SOUTH  OF  LAKE  SUPERIOR, 
1845. 


-'  ? 


This  survey  embraces  Keewenaw  Point,  and  a  narrow 
tract  of  land  bordering  the  south  coast  of  Lake  Superior, 
from  the  south  boundary  of  township  48  north,  ranges  2/3 
and  26  west,  near  Chocolate  river,  to  the  mouth  of  Carp 
river  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  Porcupine  mountains 
in  township  51  north,  range  44  west.  (See  the  accompa- 
nying map,  to  which  reference  will  be  frequently  made, 
in  the  course  of  these  remarks.)  Upon  this  map  are  de- 
lineated the  boundaries  of  the  survey,  together  with  the 
principal  streams  and  small  lakes.  The  straight  lines  are 
the  boundaries  of  townships  with  their  numbers  and 
ranges,  and  the  irregular  and  dotted  lines  represent  the 
boundaries  of  the  different  rock  formations,  with  their  cha- 
racteristic names,  on  the  side  which  they  occupy. 

The  topography  of  this  district  may  be  divided  into  two 
parts,  the  hilly  or  mountainous,  and  the  undulating  or 
rolling  lands. 


4 


Ot'tho  hilly  or  mountainous  Land,  three  tracts  of  con- 
isider!il)lc  areas,  are  found  widely  separated  by  undulating 
or  rolling  land. 

Tliat  part  of  the  district  between  Huron  Bay  and  the 
south  boundary  of  township  48  north,  ranges  25  and  2G 
west,  and  denominated  primary  range  on  the  map,  is 
made  up  principally  of  numerous  rocky  knobs  and  irregu- 
lar hills,  with  intervening  valleys  of  arable  lands  ;  most  of 
these  valleys  have  small  streams  meandering  through  them, 
with  rapid  or  quick  currents  of  pure  water.  Between 
some  of  these  knobs  and  bills,  however,  cedar,  tamarack, 
or  spruce  awamps  are  found,  and  less  frequently  small 
lakes. 

The  highest  elevations  on  this  range,  probably  attain 
an  altitude  of  800  or  900  feet  above  the  water  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  present  to  the  spectator  a  very  rugged  and 
In-oken  appearance,  and  frequently  along  the  southeas- 
terly slope  of  these  knobs  and  hills,  which  is  generally  the 
most  precipitous,  high  cliffs  or  sloping  ledges  are  seen ; 
but  along  the  south  boundary  of  the  survey,  the  hills  arc 
more  regular  in  outline  and  have  a  westerly  direction. 

The  land  upon  this  part  of  the  district  not  occupied  by 
the  primary  range,  is  undulating  and  rolling  except  where 
furrowed  with  deep  ravines  or  inteiTupted  by  the  valleys 
of  streams.  These  lands  lie  between  the  primary  range 
and  the  Lake  coast,  and  are  in  many  places  considerably 
elevated,  forming  bluffs  on  the  Lake  coast,  from  20  to  80 
feet  in  height. 

SOIL  AND  TIMBER, 

The  soil  on  this  part  of  the  survey  is  generally  a  sandy 
loam,  but  in  some  places  it  is  decidedly  a  sandy  soil,  and 
sustains  a  heavy  growth  of  timber,  of  sugar  maple,  hem- 


I 


' 


lock,  birch,  pine,  codar,  fir.  lynn,  elm,  a«h,  spruce,  tama. 
rack,  &c. 

STREAMS  AND  HARBORS. 

The  largest  streams  (rivers  tliey  are  called  here,)  on  this 
part  of  the  district,  are  not  above  the  size  of  ordmary 
mill  streams,  f.^r  which  pm-pose  they  would  answer  well, 
having  generally  falls  or  rapids  within  one  or  two  miles 
of  the  Lake  coast.  Some  of  these  strca«is  at  their  mouths 
form  convenient  harbors  for  small  boats,  and  may  be  as- 
cended  with  them  to  the  first  falls  or  rapids,  for  which 
purpose  the  Huron,  Pine,  Yellow  Dog  and  Riviere  Du 
Mort  or  Nekomenon  river,  are  the  best. 

The  only  harbors  for  vessels  are  at  Presque  Isle,  1.4b 
N  R  25  \V.,  and  to  the  south  of  a  point  of  land  on  the 
;a8t  side  of  Huron  Bay,  T.  52  N.,  R.  31  W.     (See  map.) 

TRAP  RANGE  OF  KEEWENAW  POINT,  &c. 

This  second  hilly  range  commences  at  the  northeast 
end  of  Keewenaw  Point,  and  has  a  course  a  little  to  the 
south  of  west,  for  about  eighteen  miles,  where  it  gradu- 
ally bends  to  the  southward  mitil  its  general  course  is 
southwest,  to  the  south  boundary  of  the  survey. 

This  rano-e  is  from  two  to  six  or  seven  miles  wide,  and 
about  eighty  miles  in  length  upon  this  district,  and,  from 
the  east  end  of  Keewenaw  Point,  to  a  little  west  of  the 
east  boundary  of  range  29,  these  hills  occupy  nearly  its 
entire  breadth.  Here  the  southeast  side  of  this  range 
recedes  from  the  Lake  coast,  and  stretching  inland  south- 
westerly, passes  aloug  the  northwest  side  of  a  small  lake 
in  township  55  north,  ranges  32  and  33  west;  from 
thence  generally  in  a  southwest  direction,  to  the  corner  of 
sections  31  and  32,  on  south  boundary  of  1.  51  JN.,  K. 


ill 


.-v-j    TIT 

oi    VV. 


The  northwest  boundary  of  this  range  leaves  the  Lake 
1* 


.6 


.  •} 


m 


1^' 


c(,a,rt  m  township  58  north,  range  32  weM,  and  stretch- 
ing  a  httle  mland,  crosses  Portage  Lake,  in   township  6r, 
..orth,   range  34   west,  thence  generally  in  a  southwest 
duoction,  to  near  the  corner  of  sections  33  and  34,  on  the 
«outh  boundary  of  township  51  north,  range  38,  west 
Ihr  :  .ghest  elevations  upon  this  hilly  rang^,  are  supposed 
to  he,  from  five  to  eight  hundred  feet  above  Lake   Supe- 
wor,  and,  as  in  th6  hillsof  the  primary  range    already  de- 
»cnbed,  their  southeasterly  sides  are  generally  the  most 
l>'-ecipito„s;  and  it  should  be  farther  remarked  that  these 
...lis  are  not  destitute  of  interest   in  an  agricultural  point 
<■!  vow.     Considerable  tracts  of  tillable  land  are  found 
upon  them,  v-ith  a  good  soil,  and  well  timbered  with  s',- 
gar  maple,  birch,  lynn,  ironwood,  red  oak,  &c.,  and,    on 
Iveewenaw  Point,  better  adapted  to  cultivation  than  mosl 
<>i  the  land    upon  its  coast.     To  the   east  of  this    hillv 
.■ange,  (south  of  Portage  Lake,)  to  Huron  Bay,  and  wesl 
..t  It  to  the  Porcupine  mountains,  with  the  exception  of  a 
iew  moderately  elevated  hills,  the  country  is  undulatin..or 
volhng ;  there  arc,  however,  many  deep  ravines,  and  val- 
leys of  streams  on    this    part,  also  tracts   of  level  land. 
Iheso   lands    are    generally   susceptible    of   cultivation, 
and,  so  far   as  they  have  been  proved  at  the    Mission^ 
neav  the  head  of   Keewenaw    Bay,  and  at  the    Onton- 
agon   and  Iron  rivers,  have   been  found  to  yield    abun- 
dantly, 111  produce  suitable  for  culture  in  this  climate 

rhe  chmate,  modifiedby  this  inland  sea,  has  been  found 
to  be  more  mild  than  heretofore  supposed,  and  no  doubt 
HOW  exists,  but  the  agriculturist  may  be  rewarded,  on 
these  lands,  for  his  labor. 

Over  this  entire  tract,  except  where  occupied  bv  swamn.s 
or  in  some  places  on  the  Lake  coast  west  of  Keewenaw 
Pomt,  the  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  loam,  and  the  most 


loamy  parts  are  in  the  valleys   of  the  Sturgeon  and  On- 
tonagon rivers. 

These  lands  are  extensive  and  generally  support  a  heavy 
growth  of  timber  of  sugar  maple,  birch,  hemlock,  pine,  fir, 
cedar,  lynn,  ash,  elm,  spruce,  &c.  And  it  may  be  worthy 
of  remark,  that  scattering  pines  of  an  excellent  quality, 
may  be  found  southeast  of  the  hilly  range  of  Keewenaw 
Point,  and  northeast  of  Portage  Lake  to  the  south  bomi- 
dary  of  township  ,37  north,  range  30  west. 

LAKE  COAST  AND  HARI30RS. 

The  Lake  coast  is  generally  bold  and  rocky,  and  though 
very  irregular  in  its  course,  has  few  indentations  of°a 
character  to  form  good  harbors  for  vessels.  The  best  and 
most  convenient,  are  Copper,  Agate  and  Eagle  Harbors, 
situated  on  the  north  side  of  Keewenaw  Point.  (Sec  map.) 
Also,  a  lea  can  generally  be  made  south  of  a  point  on  tlie 
east  side  Keewenaw  Bay,  T.  51  X.,  R.  3,2  W.,  and  a  ves- 
sel drawing  J  1-2  feet  of  water  mjiy  enter  the  Ontonao-oi, 
river,  T.  o2  N.,  R.  40  "W.  '     • 

RIVERS. 

L'pon  this  part  of  the  district,  there  are  three  rivers 
navigable  for  small  crafts,  for  a  considerable  distance  into 
the  country ;  they  are  the  Portage,  Sturgeon  and  Ontona- 
gon rivers.     . 

.  Sturgeon  river  has  its  source  to  the  south  of  the  head 
of  Keewenaw  Bay,  in  the  hilly  country,  and  runs  north- 
erly, nearly  parallel  to  the  west  coast  of  this  bay,  and 
enters  Portage  Lake  on  section  33,  T.  54  N.,  R.  33  W., 
and  may  be  ascended  with  small  boats  into  T.  52  N.,  R. 
33  W.  section  7  ;  here  its  navigation  i«  interrupted  by 
drift  wood  which  fills  the  channel  for  about  25  or  30 
chains.     This  passed,  which  may  be  done  by  a  good  port- 


i 


^v] 


8 

age,  the  river  may  be  ascended  into  T.  51  N.,  R.  34  W  ; — 
but  on  account  of  a  strong  current  in  this  part  of  the 
stream,  setting  poles  or  the  best  oarsmen  are  necessary,  to 
effect  an  ascent  to  this  point. 

Portage  river  is  about  four  -miles  in  length,  and  the  out- 
let of  Portage  Lake.  It  is  a  stream  of  considerable  depth 
and  breadth,  and  after  passing  the  bar  at  its  mouth,  may 
be  ascended  with  vessels  drawling  eight  feet  of  water  into 
Portage  Lake,  and  thence  to  the  head  of  this  Lake  near 
the  south  boundary  of  T.  5G  N.,  ll.  34  W.,  about  20  miles 
from  the  entrance  at  the  mouth  of  Portage  river.  From 
the  head  of  Portage  Lake  light  boats  ascend  a  small  stream 
about  one  mile,  and  from  thence  by  a  portage  of  another 
mile  over  nearly  level  land  enter  Lake  Superior. 

Doubtless,  at  some  future  day,  these  two  miles  will  be 
canaled,  for  the  passage  of  larger  crafts  through  this 
channel  into  Lake  Superior. 

The  Ontonagon  river  is  the  largest  stream  on  the  south 
side  of  Lake  Superior.  This  stream  is  navigable  for 
batteaux  in  an  ordinary  stage  of  water,  to  the  rapids, 
near  the  south  boundary  of  T.  51  N.,  R.  39  W. 

Near  the  mouth  of  this  river,  on  the  right  bank,  is  an 
eligible  site  for  a  town,  and  when  this  harbor  is  improved, 
as  it  deserves  to  be,  will  probably  become  a  place  of  con- 
siderable importance.  There  are  other  small  streams  on 
this  part  of  the  sui-vey,  the  most  important  of  which  are, 
Eagle,  Elm,  Misery,  Sleeping,  Fire  Steel  and  L'on  ri- 
vers. These  streams  cannot  be  ascended  far,  even  with 
canoes,  on  account  of  rapids  or  drift  wood,  but  most  of 
them  form  convenient  harbors  for  small  boats  on  the  Lake 
coast. 

PORCUPINE  MOUNTAINS. 

The  third  hilly  range  embraces  the  northerly  portion 


may 


of  the  Porcupine  mountains,  the  easterly  boundary  of 
which  commences  on  the  coask  of  Lake  Superior,  three 
or  four  miles  west  of  the  mouth  of  Iron  river,  in  T.  51 
N.,  R.  42  W.,  thence  runs  nearly  south  to  corner  of  sec- 
tions 33  and  34,  on  south  boundary  of  said  township. 
Westward,  tliese  knobby  mountains  spread  over  the  re- 
maining part  of  the  survey  to  the  coast  of  Lake  Superior, 
the  highest  elevations  of  which  have  an  altitude  probably 
of  950  feet,  and  the  easterly  hills  have  a  more  regular  out- 
line, than  those  of  the  westerly  part,  the  latter  in  some 
places  presenting  cliffs  and  sloping  ledges  of  great  height. 

These  mountains,  and  the  valleys  between  them,  except 
near  the  Lake  coast,  or  where  occupied  by  rocks,  have  a 
good  soil  of  sandy  loam,  v.  hich  supports  a  heavy  growth 
of  timber  of  sugar  maple,  birch,  lynn,  hemlock,  fir,  elm, 
&c. 

The  Lake  coast  bordering  these  mountains  is  generally 
rocky,  and  affords  no  good  harbors  for  small  boats,  except 
at  Carp  river.  This  stream  runs  W.  S.  W.,  nearly  par- 
allel to  the  coast  of  the  Lake,  for  about  ten  miles,  and  at 
the  distance  of  about  two  miles  from  the  coast,  it  then 
bends  to  the  northwest,  and  after  passing  falls  and  rapids 
near  its  mouth,  enters  Lake  Superior  on  section  33, 
township  51  north,  range  44  west. 

GEOLOGY. 

Within  the  boundaries  of  this  survey  there  are  five 
principal  groups  of  rocks,  which  occupy  large  areas. 
They  are,  primary,  trap,  conglomerate,  sandstone,  and 
slates. 

That  group  of  rocks  which  may  be  denominated  pri- 
mary, and  including  the  metamorphic  roclis  on  the  south, 
are  found  generally  a  little  inland  (except  in  the  vicinity 
of  Presque  Isle  Harbor,)  from  the  coast  of  Lake   Supe- 


•'■VI 


'^^ 


1^ 

rior ,-  and  from  the  south  boundary  of  township  48  north, 
ranges  2o  and  26  west,  into  township  51  north,  range  32 
west,  about  three  miles  S.  S.  W.  of  the  head  of  Huron 
Bay.     (See  map.) 

These  rocks  make  up  a  series  of  knobs  and  high  coni- 
cal hills,  forming  a  broken  range  which  has  a  course  as 
near  as  could  be  determined  W.  S.  W. 

These  elevations  are  of  various  heights,  probably  from 
75  to  900  feet  above  Lake  Superior,  and,  generally,  the 
elevating  force  appears  to  have  acted  mostly  upon  their 
southeasterly  sides,  as  this  side  generally  presents  cliffs  and 
bold  ledges,  while  their  northwesterly  sides  slope  away 
more  gradually. 

The  metamorphic  rocks  alluded  to,  flank  the  primary 
rocks  on  the  south,  where  the  two  become  so  much  blend- 
ed with  each  other  as  to  make  it  difficult  to  define  a  line 
of  junction  between  them.  It  may,  however,  be  approxi- 
mately drawn,  commencing  at  the  lower  falls  of  Riviere 
Du  Mort,  or  Nekomenon  river,  about  one  mile  S.  S.  W.  of 
Presque  Isle  Harbor,  thence  running  W.  N.  W.  to  comer 
of  sections  31  and  32,  on  south  boundary  of  T.  49  N.  R. 
25  W.,  and  curving  a  little  westerly  crosses  the  east 
boundary  of  T.  49  N.,  R.  27  W.,  near  the  comer  of  sec- 
tions 25  and  36. 

The  principal  rocks  which  compose  the  metamorphic 
group  are  quartz,  compact,  and  granular,  imperfect  tal- 
cose  slates,  which  are  in  some  instances  slightly  argil- 
laceous,  and  slaty  hornblende.  These  rocks  are  more  or 
less  stratified  and  imperfectly  jointed,  and  dip  gen- 
erally  N.  N.  E.— In  two  instances,  however,  they  were 
seen  to  dip   S.  S.  W.     A  few  veins  of  quartz  were  seen 

traversinp-   thpsp   mrl-c     h^^*^   t,o.   ^«^    i  ■• 

_    — ,    ,j^t^   ^^^   Qjj^    ^Yj^^y    observea    to 

be   metalliferous.     I   have,  however,  seen   specimens   of 


11 


specular  iron  ore  said  to  have  been  obtained  in  township 
48  north,  range  26  west. 

Within  the  boundaries  of  the  metamorphic  rocks  upon 
the  survey,  several  knobs  of  syenitic  granite,  and  also 
dykes  of  greenstone  were  seen. 

PRIMARY  ROCKS. 

That  portion  of  this  range  which  may  be  denominated 
primary  rock,  and,  lying  to  the  north  of  the  metamorphic 
rocks  already  described,  is  generally  composed  of  granular 
quartz,  feldspar,  and  hornblende,  constituting  a  compact 
syenite.  In  some  places  slight  traces  of  mica  are  obser- 
vable, giving  rise  to  a  syenitic  granite. 

These  minerals  predominate  in  diiferent  proportion  in 
different  places,  and  not  unfrequently  in  different  parts  of 
the  same  ledge  or  hill. 

In  some  places  it  is  mostly  a  hornblende  rock,  and  in 
others  the  leading  minerals  are  feldspar  and  hornblende, 
giving  rise  to  a  syenitic  greenstone,  and  less  frequently  a 
well  formed  gianite  is  found.  In  several  instances  a 
compact  greenstone  was  found,  intruded  among  these 
rocks  in  various  forms.  And  when  in  veins  or  dykes,  these 
do  not  appear  to  have  any  particular  magnetic  bearing. 

One  of  these  veins  may  be  found  of  about  one  foot  in 
thickness,  traversing  a  ledge  of  syenite  W.  S.  W.,  at  45 
chains  and  60  links  in  going  west  on  south  side  of  section 
36,  south  boundary  of  T.  51  N.,  R.  28  W. 

Throughout  this  entire  group  of  rocks,  quartz  and  feld- 
spar veins  are  often  found,  and,  in  many  instances,  both 
are  seen  traversing  the  same  rocks,  and  crossing  each  other 
at  various  angles.  These  veins  are  from  a  line  to  a  foot 
or  more  in  width,  and  •'-ere  observed  to  be  more  fre- 
quent and  of  a  larger  size  in  townships  51  and  52  north, 
ranges  28  and  29  west,  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  pri- 


$ 


18 

mary  range.  Also  a  few  Teins  containing  calcareous 
spar  were  seen  near  the  junction  of  the  primary  and  se- 
dimentary rocks. 

In  regard  to  the  metalliferous  character  of  any  of  the 
veins  traversing  the  primary  rocks,  -n  this  portion  of  the 
mineral  region  (so  called,)  it  may  be  sufficient  to  say  that 
no  vein  indicating  a  workable  quantity  of  metal  of  any  kind 
was  observed,  but  it  should  not  be  inferred  from  this  that 
they  do  not  exist  here.  ' 

My  observations  were  mostly  confined  to  township  lines, 
which  do  not  always  pass  over  the  most  favorable  places  for 
examination,  and  afforded  no  opportunity  of  tracing  up 
veins,  that  have  some  metalliferous  indications,  until 
their  characters  were  developed. 

ARGILLACEOUS  SLATES. 

Flanking  the  primary  rocks  already  described  on  the 
northwest,  in  T.  51   N.,  R.  30,  31  and  32,  W.  argilla- 
ceous slates  were  found.     They  seldom  crop  out,  and,  on 
account    of  their  being  generally   covered  with  a    con- 
siderable depth  of  earth,  their  precise  limits  could  not 
be  defined.     They  are,  however,  supposed  to  occupy  a 
space  from  one  to  two  or  more  miles  in  breadth,  before 
they  are  overlaid  with  the  sandstone.     These  rocks  have, 
generally,  near  their  junction  with  the  primary  rock,  a  dip 
from  20  to  30  degrees  to  the  N.  or  N.  N.  W.  and  their  line 
of  cleavage  dips  to  the  S.  or  S.  E.  making  an  angle  with 
the  line  of  deposition  of  about  65  degrees.     These  slates 
are  generally  of  a  dark  brown  color;  but  a  curious  vari- 
ety was  found  in  both  branches  of  Huron  river,  on  south 
boundary  of  T.  52  N.,  R.  30  W.  section  36.    Loose  masses 
have  been  brought  down  these  streams  in  abundance, 

—    .T..{v.ii  ni\j   Tciribvt  vTiLu  iiuiziuiuutr  scnpes  oi  red, 

light  gray,  light  and  dark  brown,  &c. 


13 


RED  AND  VARIEGATED  SANDSTONE. 

Flanking  the  slates  already  described,  and  resting  upon 
them,  red  and  variegated  sandstones  were  found.  These 
rocks  extend  north  and  west  in  nearly  horizontal  strata, 
passing  Huron  and  Keewenaw  Bays,  and  flank  the  base 
of  the  trap  range  of  Keewenaw  Point,  on  the  southeast, 
throughout  the  survey.  This  sandstone  also  flanks  the 
primary  rock  before  described,  on  the  north  and  northeast, 
to  the  coast  of  Lake  Superior,  except  in  the  vicinity  of 
Presque  Isle.  These  rocks  occupy  a  larger  area  on  the 
survey  than  all  the  other  rocks ;  they  are  generally  lami- 
nated, and  not  unfrequently  jointed,  and  vary  considerably 
in  the  fineness  of  the  materials  of  which  they  are  com- 
posed, in  different  strata ;  and  the  whole  are  tolerably 
compact. 

Though  the  strata  of  the  sand  rock  may,  in  general,  be 
considered  horizontal,  it  has  evidently  been  somewhat 
disturbed  and  contorted,  and  was  observed  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  northern  slope  of  the  primary  and  trap  hills,  to 
have  a  considerable  dip  from  them. 

This  rock  borders  a  large  proportion  of  the  Lake  coast 
throughout  this  part  of  the  survey,  and  may  be  seen,  for- 
ming ledges  from  a  few  feet  to  70  or  80  feet  in  height ; 
and  it  should  be  mentioned,  that  novaculite,  or  at  least  a 
very  fine  grit  for  whetstones,  may  be  found  in  a  ledge  on 
the  east  side  of  Keewenaw  Bay,  near  its  head,  on  section 
35,  T.  51  N.,  R.  33  W. 

This  ledge  is  laminated  and  jointed,  and  from  it  may  be 
obtained  whetstones  of  almost  any  degree  of  fineness. 
Also,  to  the  S.  S.  W.  of  this  ledge,  on  section  2,  a  good 
quality  of  reddish  clay  was  seen,  and  at  several  other 
points  on  the  bay  coast,  in  this  vicinity. 


'■'mi 
mi 

h 


f 


2 


•*• 


14 


111 


TRAP  RANGE  OP  KEEWENAW  POINT. 

This  range  commences  at  the  east  end  of  Keewenaw 
Pomt,  and  has  a  course  generally  to  the  southwest  in 
a  series  of  trap  knobs  and  irregular  hills,  from  three'  to 
seven  or  eight  hundred  feet  in  height  above  Lake  Supe- 
rior.  ^ 

Tlieir  general  topographical  character  and  boundary 
have  been  already  described.     (See  map.) 

Generally,  the  middle  and  southeasterly  side  of  this 
range  is  a  compact  greenstone,  which  gradually  obtains 
an  amygdaloidal  structure,  near  the  northwest  slope ;  and, 
along  this  slope,  in  many  places,  a  decided  amygdaloid 
IS  found,  the  cavities  of  which  are  frequently  filled  with 
quartz,  calcareous  matter  and  epidote. 

These  characters  of  the  trap  rock  are  well  sustained 
throughout  this  range  on  the  survey.  It  has  also  been 
observed,  that  generally  the  slope  of  the  trap  rock  has  a 
much  higher  angle  on  the  southeast,  than  on  the  northwest 
side  of  this  range. 

CONGLOMERATE  ROCK. 

This  rock  is  of  a  great  thickness,  and  flanks  the  trap 
range  on  the  northwest  side,  from  the  east  end  of  Keewe- 
naw Point,  westward,  into  township  57  north,  range  33 
west. 

The  conglomerate  rock  is  made  up  of  rounded  pebbles 
and  small  boulders,  principally  derived  from  rocks  of  the 
trap  family,  and  so  firmly  cemented  together,  that  when 
broken,  these  rounded  masses  frequently  divide  through 
the  middle.  This  rock  does  not  appear  to  be  very  uni- 
form m  its  dip  ;  it  may  be  estimated,  however,  to  dip  N. 
N.  W.,  from  20  to  50  degrees. 

Resting  conformably  imon  tbfi   nr^r^rrlr^ 4. i. 

a  series  of  alternating  strata  of  sandstone  and  conglom- 


15 


are 


erate,  embracing  between  their  strata  seTeral  trap  dykes 
of  considerable  extent,  which  dip  with  these  rocks  to  the 
N.  N.  W.,  at  an  angle  of  30  to  40  degrees.  The  injec- 
tion of  these  dykes  has  produced  great  changes  in  the 
rocks,  by  which  they  are  embraced.  The  sandstone  near 
the  dyke  is  converted  into  an  amygdaloid,  and  the  char- 
acter of  the  conglomerate  much  changed  by  igneous  ac- 
tion. This  is  exemplified  on  the  points  of  rocks,  west  of 
the  entrance  of  Eagle  Harbor,  where  they  are  severally 
seen. 

These  trap  dykes  may  be  seen  at  several  other  places, 
from  Copper  Harbor  to  a  little  west  of  the  eait  boundary 
of  T.  57  N.,  R.  33  west. 

The  conglomerate  rocks  above  described,  were  not  seen 
flanking  the  northwest  side  of  the  trap  range  of  Keewe- 
naw  Point,  southwest  of  township  57  N.,  R.  33  W.,  or 
between  this  and  the  Lake  coast,  until  they  were  found  on 
the  northwest  side  of  the  Porcupine  mountains.  They 
are  supposed  to  be  wanting  between  these  points,  or  they 
have  diverged  from  the  trap  range,  and  occupy  the  bed  of 
Lake  Superior,  which  latter  condition  is  deemed  the  most 
probable,  as  this  direction  best  conforms  to  the  strike  of 
these  rocks  at  both  places.  « 

VEINS  AND  VEINSTONE. 

Between  the  east  end  of  Keewenaw  Point,  and  Por- 
tage Lake,  the  trap  and  conglomerate  rocks  are  tra- 
versed by  many  well  defined  veins,  at  nearly  right  angles 
with  the  general  course  of  the  trap  range,  and  at  the  sur- 
face of  the  rocks,  these  veins  are  from  a  mere  line,  to  sev- 
eral feet  in  width. 

The  veins  above  alluded  to,  are  generally  nearly  verti- 
cal in  the  rocks  they  traverse,  and  in  some  instances,  they 
appear  to  have  been  fissures  in  the  rock,  and  subsequently 


i  > 
■:fi 


i 


i 


:| 


10 


filled  with  veinstones,  differing  much  in  their  character  in 
different  rocks. 

In  the  greenstone  and  amygdaloid,  these  veins  are 
usually  made  up  of  trap,  more  or  less  associated  with 
quartz,  and  on  their  sides  firmly  blended  with  the  rock 
which  they  traverse  ;  but,  in  the  conglomerate  rocks,  the 
veins  are  almost  uniformly  of  calcarious  matter. 

Besides  the  well  defined  veins,  above  alluded  to,  there 
are  others  imperfectly  formed,  having  a  more  diffusive 
character ;  also,  at  several  points  on  the  Lake  coast,  along 
the  hne  of  conglomerate  rocks,  veins  of  calcareous  matter 
were  seen,  apparently  embraced  between  their  strata. 
These  veins  have  a  course  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the 
vems  before  alluded  to,  and  are  supposed  to  be  of  no  very 
great  extent. 

Some  of  these  veins  at  least  are  metalliferous  through 
some  portions  of  their  course  in  the  rocks  which  they  tra- 
verse, and  contain  native  copper  and  some  of  the  ores  of 
copper.  Green  and  blue  carbonate,  and  the  black  oxide, 
are  thought  to^  be  the  most  abundant  of  the  ores ;  and  so 
far  as  I  have  been  able  to  observe  these  veins,  their  me- 
talliferous character  is  best  developed  along  the  line  of 
junction  of  the  trap  and  sedimentary  rocks  on  both  sides 
of  the  trap  range. 

The  metalliferous  character  of  these  veins  above  des- 
cribed, have  been  most  explored  on  the  northeast  side  of 
Keewenaw  Point,  where  some  of  them  are  now  being 
worked,  and  much  interest  is  felt  by  the  enterprising  pro- 
prietors of  these  works. 

Thus  far,  several  of  these  veins  offer  increased  induce- 
ments to  prosecute  the  work,  and  a  few  years  of  labor 

will    no'<''^1'^'^'>    ITS  »>-^-~~-» -7   3-  -  .1     • 

\Mn  Uv^T^.^pu,  m  a^iiic  ^uuu,  uugree,  ineir  true  character. 

That  portion  of  the  trap  range  of  Keewenaw  Point, 


17 


extending  southwest  of  Portage  Lake,  to  the  south  boun- 
dary of  the  survey,  has  generally  less  width  than  that 
which  has  already  been  described,  and  the  trap  rocks  do 
not  80  frequently  crop  out,  consequently,  its  junction  with 
the  sedimentary  rocks,  could  not  often  be  seen.  But  the 
aberrations  of  the  magnetic  needle,  (determined  by  the 
Solar  Compass,)  has  always  been  found  to  be  very  great  on 
or  near  the  trap  hills,  by  which  means,  it  is  believed,  that  its 
boundary  on  the  township  lines,  where  no  out  crop  could 
he  seen,  has  been  very  nearly  defined.  (See  map.)  But 
few  veins  are  seen  traversing  the  rocks  on  this  part  of  the 
trap  range,  and  no  one  observed  to  be  metalliferous. 
Creditable  reports,  however,  say,  that  copper  veins  have 
been  found  near  the  head  waters  of  Elm  river. 

ARGILLACEOUS  SLATES. 

Argillaceous  slates  of  a  dark  brown  color,  and  slaty 
.sandstone,  are  developed  on  a  large  scale  in  the  bed  and 
banks  of  Iron  river,  through  township  51  north,  range 
42  west,  three  or  four  miles  east  of  the  Porcupine  moun- 
tains. These  slates  are  very  variable  in  the  direction 
and  amount  of  their  dip  in  different  places.  They  vary 
from  N.  E.  to  S.  E.,  and  dip  from  15  to  45  degrees  in  that 
direction.  ' 

These  slates  were  also  seen  50  or  60  chains  east  of 
Iron  river,  near  comer  of  sections  25  and  36,  and  dipping 
E.  N.  E.  about  eleven  degrees.  From  these  facts  it  is 
reasonable  to  infer,  that  the  slates  dip  under  the  sandstone, 
to  the  east  of  them,  and  that  they  extend  west,  to  the 
base  of  the  Porcupine  mountains.  But  these  slates,  ex- 
cept in  the  streams  before  mentioned,  are  generally  overlaid 
with  a  considerable  depth  of  earth,  and,  therefore,  their 
boundary  could  not  be  coiTectly  defined. 

Argillaceous  slaty  sandstone,  somewhat  similar  to  tfeose 
2* 


I* 
|1 


in 

in 


M 


n 

,1 


i  j 


aiready  described,  uro  found  on  the  northeast  side  of  the, 
trap  range  of  Keevvenaw  Point,  on  the  east  and  sout  li' 
boundaries  of  township  G3    north,  range  36    west,  (sec 
tions  25  and  33.)     Those  slaty   sandstones   seldom   crop 
out,  consequently  their  limit  was  not  ascertained.     These 
rocks  dip  considerably  to  the  northwest. 

RED  SANDSTONE.  ,    ;     . 

Between  the  slates  of  Iron  river  and  the  trap  range  of 
Koewenaw  Point,  (except  as  above  mentioned,)  and  south 
of  the  north  half  of  T.  57  N.,  R.  33  W.  and  the  Lake 
coast,  to  the  south  boundary  of  the  survey,  so  far  as  known, 
the  country  is  underlaid  with  red  sandstone. 

This  rock  frequently  appears  along  the  Lake  coast,  and 
m  the  beds  and  banks  of  streams  and  ravines  The  sand- 
stone here  is  supposed  to  belong  to  the  same  formation 
of  the  red  sandstone  already  described,  east  of  the  trap 
range  of  Keewenaw  Point.  Its  general  character  is  the 
same,  except  that  in  some  places  it  contains  more  mica. 
This  sandstone  was  observed  to  dip  most  near  the  trap 
range,  in  a  N.  N.  W.  direction,  which  dip  diminishes  to 
the  coast  of  Lake  Superior.  A  nicely  stratified  and  joint- 
ed  form  of  this  rock,  may  be  seen  on  the  Lake  coast  at 
the  south  boundary  of  T.  55  N.,  R.  36  W.  .  .  t....^^ 

TRAP  AND  CONGLOMERATE  ROCKS  OF  THE  PORCUPINE  MOUN. 

TAINS. 

The  remaining  part  of  the  survey  embraces  thr  north- 
erly portion  of  the  Porcupine  Mn^mtains,  the  homcr^P^ 
of  which  have  already  been  described.  (Sc  ^ip  . 
These  mountains  are  made  up  of  a  somewhat  broken 
range  of  trap  and  conglomerate  hills,  having  an  estimated 
height  from  three  to  nine  hundred  and  fifty  feet  above 
Lake  Siip/p.r5c»* 

Sputhoi  C,;<p  river,  (which  runs  nearly  parallel  to  the 


19 


f 


Lake  coast,)  and  the  south  boundary  of  the  strrvey,  also  the 
west  half  of  T.  ni  N.,  R.  42  W.,  embraces  the  trap  rock 
within  this  part  of  the  survey,  which  occupies  an  area  of 
less  than  one  township. 

A  large  proportion  of  this  trap  in  very  compart,  but  in 
some  places  it  is  an  amygdaloid,  the  cells  of  which  are 
generally  filled  with  calcareous  matter  or  epidote.  This 
tmp,  also,  varies  in  color  from  a  dark  green  or  gray,  to 
nearly  a  {»rick  rod. 

To  the  northwest  of  the  trap  rock  hills,  and  separated 
from  them  by  the  valley  of  Carp  river,  are  two  conglom- 
erate hills,  having  a  course  nearly  parallel  to  the  Lake 
coast,  from  six  to  eight  miles,  the  highest  parts  of  which 
are  estimated  at  400  feet  above  Lake  Superior. 

These  conglomerate  rocks  appear  to  belong  to  the  same 
formation  with  the  upper  conglomerate  of  Koewenaw 
Point,  having,  hke  the  latter,  alternating  strata  of  sandstone 
and  conglomerate  rocks,  which  dip  to  the  N.  N.  W.,  at  an 
angle  from  25  to  45  degrees.  A  few  veins  of  calcareous 
spar,  were  seen  in  these  rocks  at  the  Lake  coast,  on  east 
boundary  of  T.  61  N.,  R.  43  W.;  also,  near  the  lone  rock 
(so  called)  in  T.  51  N.,  R.  44  W.,  but  no  one  observed  to 
be  metaUiferous. 

It  is,  however,  creditably  reported,  that  copper  veins 
have  been  found  on  this  part  of  the  survey. 

DRIFT. 

,  Numerous  erratic  boulders  and  other  liner  materials,  are 
found  spread  over  this  region  of  country,  apparently  deri- 
ved from  the  rocks  which  abound  here,  and  from  the  re- 
gion north  of  Lake  Superior.  Therefore,  it  is  not  uncom- 
mon to  find  transported  blocks  along  the  Lake  coast,  or  in 
valiies  of  streams  which  contain  copper  or  other  interest- 
ing minerals.     The  relative  position  of  the  land  and  water 


%l 


II 


SfO 


1^ 


1  '5 


I 


of  Lake  Superior,  at  some  remote  period  of  time,  appears 
to  have  been  quite  different  from  their  present  state,  as  is 
evidenced  by  the  effect  of  the  Lake  on  the  rock,  and  the 
form  of  the  Lake  blufli's,  in  many  places  some  two  hundred 
feet  above  its  present  level. 

Thus  far,  a  brief  view  of  the  geological  condition  of 
the  various  rock  formations  has  been  taken,  leaving  to  the 
reader  the  pleasure  of  drawing  his  own  conclusions  as  to 
the  causes  which  have  produced  these  geological  effects, 
and  also  as  to  what  may  be  deemed  to  be  more  or  less 
valuable  or  interesting  in  this  region  of  country. 

In  executing  this  part  of  the  work,  I  have  been  much 
assisted  by  valuable  instructions  from  our  late  and  respect- 
ed State  Geologist,  Dr.  Douglass  Houghton,  who  had 
this  survey  in  charge,  and  from  whom  a  critical  geological 
report  was  expected. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  proper  to  remark,  that  in  con- 
sequence of  township  lines  being  confined  to  distances 
of  six  miles  apart,  and  to  north  and  south  and  east  and  west 
courses,  they  frequently  pass,  for  a  long  distance,  over 
ground  not  the  most  favorable  for  geological  examinations; 
also,  supplies  have  to  be  furnished  with  packmen,  instead 
of  pack  horses,  in  this  region  of  country,  and  each  man 
of  a  party  on  township  lines,  is  under  the  necessity  of 
performing  his  duties  with  a  pack  upon  his  back.  But, 
notwithstanding  these  difficulties,  it  is  beheved  that  when 
experience  shall  have  perfected  this  system  of  linear  and 
geological  surveys,  it  will  be  found  the  cheapest  and  the 
best  yet  devised  for  the  public  interest. 

;      WILLIAM  A.  BURT, 

Deimtv  Surveyor, 


SU] 


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of,  i 

1 


1 
32  ^ 

sess 


GENERAL  OBSERVATIONS 

UPON  THE 

GEOLOGY  AND  TOPOGRAPHY 

OP  THE  DISTRICT 

SOUTH  OF  LAKE  SUPERIOR, 

SUBDIVIDED    IN    1845,    UNDER    THE    DIRECTION    OP 
DOUGLASS  HOUGHTON,  Deputy  Surveyor. 


The  subdivisions  embrace  the  following  townships 
which  are  fully  completed,  and  the  notes  and  maps  there- 
of, are  herewith  returned. 

Town  4.6  North,  Ranges  24,  25  and  26 


"   47 

<( 

"   48 

<( 

"   51 

<( 

"   52 

<< 

"   53 

(( 

"   54 

(( 

"  55 

(( 

"   56 

(( 

"   57 

(( 

"   58 

(( 

"   59 

(( 

West. 


24,  25  and  26 

25  and  26 

32  and  33 

32 

32  and  33 

32  and  33 

31,  32,  33  and  34 

30,  31,  32,  33  and  34 

29,  30,  31,  32  and  33 

26,  27,  28,  30  and  31 

27,  28  and  30 
The  notes  and  maps  of  town  58  north,  ranges  29  and 

32  west,  and  town  59  north,  range  29  west,  were  in  pos- 
session of  Dr.  Houghton,  and  were  lost  with  him. 


« 

(( 
(( 
(( 
(( 
<( 


22 


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For  our  present  purpose,  the  above  named  towns  may 
be  arranged  in  two  divisions,  which,  from  their  different 
geological  features,  will  be  separately  considered. 

In  the  first,  will  be  included  towns  46,  47  and  48  north, 
ranges  24,  25  and  26  west.  In  the  second  division,  the 
towns  upon  the  Keewenaw  Peninsula.  Towns  48,  in 
ranges  25  and  26,  and  all  those  of  our  second  division,  are 
within  the  town  line  survey  of  the  past  season,  and  the 
general  features  of  their  topography  and  geology,  are  ex- 
hibited with  great  perspicuity  and  accuracy,  in  the  report 
of  Wm.  a.  Burt,  Esq.  accompanying  the  returns  of  his 
surveys.  I  shall,  therefore,  as  far  as  possible,  avoid  repe- 
tition of  facts  which  appear  suificiently  detailed  by  him. 

PRIMARY  AND  METAMORPHIC  REGION. 

Granite  Rocks. 

The  portion  of  country  included  in  our  first  division, 
which  is  occupied  by  these  rocks,  embraces  towns  46  north, 
ranges  24,  25  and  26  west,  together  with  most  of  the  lower 
tier  of  sections  in  the  towns  adjoining  on  the  north. 

Throughout  this  region,  the  granite  rocks  make  their 
appearance  in  a  succession  of  rounded  knobs,  elevated 
from  20  to  100  feet  above  the  surrounding  country,  and 
from  300  to  800  feet  above  the  level  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  having  a  general  range  a  little  south  of  west,  and 
north  of  east. 

These  rocks  vary  much  in  character  and  composition, 
being  sometimes  hornblendic,  and  approaching  a  perfect 
syenite,  but  more  commonly  feldspathic,  or  composed  of 
quartz  and  feldspar,  in  which  the  latter  mineral  predomi- 
nates. In  the  more  southerly  portion  of  the  district,  the 
feldspar  is  red,  and  gives  a  predominant  color  to  the  rock. 
Occasionally,  the  granite  is  traversed  by  quartz,  in  irregu- 
lar veins.      Some  portions  are  massively  stratified,  the 


23 


masses  dipping  to  the  north,  or  being  nearly  vertical.  The 
knobs  are  rounded  in  outline,  and  are  sometimes  bare 
rock ;  but  m  general,  they,  in  common  with  the  surroundino- 
country,  are  well  timbered  with  spruce,  hemlock,  fir,  birch 
sugar  maple,  white  pine  and  aspen.  The  soil  is,  in  gen- 
eral, sandy,  and  second  or  third  rate. 

Plains  of  spruce  pine  occupy  the  more  elevated  portions 
of  the  district,  embracing  about  one  half  or  the  central 
part  of  town  46,  range  25,  and,  stretching  northerly,  in- 
elude  the  southwesterly  one  fourth  of  town  47,  ranrre'ss 
This  tract  is  destitute  of  streams,  and  the  soil  is  very  poor 
and  sandy.  The  timber  is  chiefly  an  inferior  spruce  pine 
These  plains  divide  the  waters  flowing  into  Lake  Supe- 
rior on  the  N.  and  E.,  and  Lake  Michigan  on  the  S. 

This  granite  district  is  intercepted  on  the  east  by  a  belt 
of  the  red  sandrock,  hereafter  alluded  to,  which  occupies 
the  tract  between  it  and  the  Lake  coast. 

A  little  south  of  Presque  Isle,  granitic  rocks  make  their 
appearance  on  the  coast  of  the  Lake,  and  westerly  from 
Presque  Isle,  continue  to  occupy  the  projecting  points  for 
several  miles,  the  red  sandrock  occupying  the  interven- 
mg  bays.  Knobs  also  of  this  rock,  occupy  the  portion  of 
town  48  north,  range  25  west,  lying  north  of  Riviere  Du 
Mort. 

The  granite  of  this  portion  of  the  country  is  traversed 
by  large  and  irregular  dykes  of  greenstone  trap,  and  the 
granite  itself  puts  on  a  trappose  character,  the  two  rocks 
being  sometimes  with  difficulty  distinguishable  from  each 
other.  This  is  the  commencement  of  an  apparently  very 
large  extent  of  granite  country,  extending  westerly  into 
the  region  not  yet  surveyed  by  section  lines. 

^  These  granites  are  important  in  an  economical  point  of 
view,  bemg  so  situated  as  to  be  easily  quarried,  and  afford- 


24 

ing  a  great  variety  of  very  durable,  as  well  as  ornamen- 
tal building  stones.  When  we  consider  that  the  vv^hole 
vast  valley  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  south,  is  made  up  of 
secondary  rocks,  it  seems  probable  that  these  granites 
will  furnish  a  valuable  article  of  commerce  so  soon  as  a 
more  easy  communication  shall  have  been  afforded  between 
Lake  Superior  and  the  lower  Lakes. 

METAMORPHIC  GROUP. 

The  rocks  thus  designated,  occupy  the  country  lying  be- 
tween the  two  gi'anite  regions  above  mentioned.  The 
several  portions  of  this  district  vary  so  much  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  prevailing  rocks,  as  to  call  for  seperate  des- 
criptions. 

The  more  southerly,  which  I  shall  here  denominate  the 
quartzite  portion,  is  composed  of  white  and  brown  quartz 
rocks,  talcose,  augitic  and  clay  slates,  slaty  hornblende, 
and  specular  and  micaceous  oxides  of  iron,  and  embraces 
the  tract  between  the  granites  on  the  south,  and  a  line 
bearing  north  of  west  from  the  mouth  of  Carp  river,  to 
the  centre  of  the  west  line  of  T.  48  N.,  R.  26  W.  This 
tract  is  rolling,  with  frequent  ridges,  having  a  direction 
nearly  east  and  west,  or  bearing  south  of  west,  and  ele- 
vated above  the  surrounding  country  from  40  to  150  feet. 
The  greatest  elevation  above  Lake  Superior,  as  determin- 
ed by  the  barometer,  is  1001  feet.  The  timber  is  chieHy 
sugar  maple,  with  some  scattering  pines,  and  other  ever- 
greens and  birch. 

The  central  portions  of  these  ridges  would  seem  to  be 
trap ,  which  is  here  capped,  as  well  as  flanked,  by  the 
metamorphosed  rocks.  Though  no  well  characterized 
trap  makes  an  outcrop,  throughout  this  portion  of  the 
metamorphic  region,  the  altered  nature  of  the  rocks  plain- 
ly indicates  the  near  approach  of  an  igneous  rock  to  the 


25 

surface,  and  the  dip  of  the  rocks,  though  mainly  north,  at 
a  high  angle,  exhibits  a  tendency  in  all  directions  from  a 
central  axis. 

These  rocks  are  throughout  pervaded  by  the  argillace- 
ous red  and  micaceous  oxides  of  iron,  sometimes  intimate- 
ly disseminated,  and  sometimes  in  beds  or  veins.     These 
are  frequently  of  so  great  extent  as  almost  to  entitle  them 
to  be  considered  as  rocks.     The  largest  extent  of  iron  oro 
noticed,  is  in  town  47  north,  range  26  west,  near  the  cor- 
ner of  sections  29,  30,  31,  32.     There  are  here  two  large 
beds  or  hills  of  ore,  made  up  almost  entirely  of  granula- 
ted, magnetic  and  specular  iron,  with  small  quandties  of 
spathose   and   micaceous   iron.     The   more  northerly  of 
these  hills  extend,  in  a  direction  nearly  east  and  west,  for 
at  least  one^fourth  of  a  mile,  and  has  a  breadth  little  los. 
than  1000  feet,  the  whole  of  which  forms  a  single  mass  of 
ore,  with  occasional  thin  strata  of  imperfect  chert  and  jas- 
per, and  dips  north  10  degrees  east,  about  30  degrees.  '  At 
its  southerly  outcrop  the  ore  is  exposed  in    I  low  cliti; 
above  which  the  hill   rises  to  the  height  of  20  to  30  feet 
above  the  country,  on  the  south.     The  ore  here  exhibits  u 
stratified  or  laminated  structure,  and  breaks  readily  into 
sub-rhomboidal  fragments,  in  such  a  manner  as  will  greatly 
facilitate  the  operation  of  quarrying  or  mining  the'ore. 

This  bed  of  iron  will  compare,  favorably,  both  for  ex- 
tent and  quality,  with  any  known  in  our  country.  The 
largest  of  the  large  ore  beds  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
is  estimated  to  be  but  700  feet  in  breadth  by  1000  in 
length. 

A  more  extended  and  minute  examination  will  proba- 
bly  determine  this  portion  of  the  metamorphic  group  to 
contain  other  ores,  less  in  amount,  but  which  are  generally 
esteemed  more  valuable. 


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2G 

The  northerly  portion  of  the  metamorphic  group  of 
rocks,  and  which  may  here  be  denominated  the  trapposc 
portion,  embraces  the  whole  remainder  of  the  group  north 
of  the  portion  last  described,  except  a  small  tract  of  coun- 
try occupied  exclusively  by  clay  slate  rock,  and  whose 
extent  will  be  hereafter  noticed. 

This  division  of  the  metamorphic  region  is  characterized 
by  the  frequent  occurrence  of  knobs  or  uplifts  of  green- 
stone and  augitic  trap,  making  their  appearance  rather 
irregularly  over  the  country,  and  surrounded  by  altered 
sandstones  and  slates.  These  uplifts  are  doubtless  dis- 
connected from  any  common  centre  or  focus  of  eruption  ; 
but  it  is  evident  that  rocks  of  igneous  origin,  form  the 
base  of  all  the  rocky  elevations  of  the  region,  and  the 
surrounding  altered  and  slaty  rocks  flank  their  sides  and 
dip  in  all  directions  from  them,  the  trap  being  protruded 
into  a  series  of  low  knobs.  Around  the  bases  of  these 
arc  the  metamorphic  rocks,  consisting  mostly  of  talcose, 
chlorite  and  clay  slates.  Quartz  forms  comparatively  a 
small  proportion  of  these  rocks.  The  prevailing  dip  is 
northerly,  about  80  degrees.  Several  of  these  knobs,  in 
T.  46  N.,  R.  26  W.,  attain  an  elevation  of  1058  feet  above 
Lake  Superior. 

A  hill  of  tolerably  well  defined  granite  makes  an  out- 
crop near  the  centre  of  this  region,  and  in  a  low  ridge, 
bearing  in  an  easterly  and  westerly  direction  about  two 
miles,  but  the  granite  is  evidently  of  a  trappose  character. 
The  hills  of  this  region  are  generally  timbered  to  their 
summits,  and  in  many  of  them  the  rock  does  not  come  to 
the  surface.  The  country  is,  in  general,  moderately  roll- 
ing and  beautiful.  The  timber  is  chiefly  sugar  maple, 
yellow  birch,  fir,  hemlock  and  spruce,  and  the  soil  will, 
without  doubt,  prove  fertile. 


roup  of 
Irappose 
p  north 
Df"  coun- 
whose 

cterized 
■  green- 
5  rather 
altered 
ess  dis- 
uption  ; 
)rm  the 
and  the 
les  and 
otruded 
Df  these 
talcose, 
,tively  a 
y  dip  is 
nobs,  in 
)t  above 

an  out- 
V  ridge, 
out  two 
aracter. 
:o  their 
come  to 
ely  roll- 
maple, 
will, 


27 


CLAY  SLATE. 

The  rocks  of  the  metamorphic  group  frequently  gradu- 
ate into  clay  slate,  and  it  will  be  perceived,  by  reference 
to  the  map,  that  a  well  defined  clay  slate  occupies  a  distinct 
tract  in  the  region  under  consideration.  This  tract  is  al- 
most wholly  in  T.  48  N.,  R.  26  W.,  and  occupies  an  area 
of  about  five  sections.  The  slate  appears  generally  in 
low  knobs,  ^dipping  northwesterly,  and  is  highly  argillace- 
ous. The  tract  is  timbered  with  a  large  growth  of  sugar 
maple  and  hemlock. 

RED  SANDROCK. 

It  will  be  perceived  that  this  rock  occupies  a  small  i)or- 
tion  of  the  country  embraced  in  our  first  division.  It  is 
found  skirting  the  primary  and  metamorphic  rocks  on  all 
sides,  and  almost  excluding  them  from  the  Lake  coast. 

As  this  rock  occupies  a  larger  area  in  the  district  of 
country,  hereafter  to  be  considered,  no  description  of  it 
will  here  be  given.  It  may,  however,  simply  be  observed, 
that  this  rock  is  frequently  found  suiTounding,  and  in  con- 
tact with,  the  uplifted  masses  of  igneous  rocks,  and  is  then 
invariably  much  altered  both  in  appearance  and  texture, 
and  may,  under  such  circumstances,  fairly  be  considered 
as  metamorphic. 

KEEWENAW  POINT. 

The- subdivisions  of  the  past  season  upon  this  jo art  of 
the  survey,  include  all  that  portion  of  Keewenavv  Point 
lying  north  and  east  of  Portage  Lake,  and  this  portion  of 
the  work  will  be  separately  considered. 

Keewcnaw  Point  may  be  said  to  be  made  up  of  three 
rock  formations,  trap,  trap  conglomerate  and  red  sand- 
rock.  Of  these,  the  first  mainly  gives  its  peculiar  charac- 
ter to  the  country,  giving  to  it  its  mountainous  aspect  and 
general  configuration,  having  been  protruded  by  the  opera- 


*\ '  'si 


I: 


k 


■  !i 


Hi* 


28 

tionof  igneous  forces  into  its  present  jiosition ;  while  the 
other  rocks  are  sedimentary  in  their  origin,  and  are  found 
surrounding  and  resting  against  the  other. 

The  accompanying  map  will  exhibit,  with  much  accura- 
cy, the  positions  and  extent  of  these  rocks,  in  reference  to 
^  each  other,  and  to  the  town  and  section  lines. 

TRAP  ROCKS. 

It  will  be  seen  that  throughout  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
jjortion  occupied  by  these  rocks,  may  be  traced  two  dis- 
tinct ranges  of  hills,  which,  commencing  near  the  easterly 
extremity  of  the  Point,  run  nearly  parallel  to  the  bounda- 
ry of  the  trap.  The  summits  of  the  more  northerly  range 
preserve  an  almost  uniform  distance  from  the  northerly 
boundary  of  trap,  of  about  one  and  a  quarter  miles,  while 
those  of  the  southerly  range  average  little  more  than  a 
half  mile  from  the  southei'ly  extension  of  the  trap  forma- 
tion. These  ranges,  which  are  quite  continuous  from  T. 
r>7  N.,  R.  28  W.,  westerly  as  far  as  T.  57  N.,  R.  32  W.,  be- 
gin here  to  fall  away,  becoming  also  more  irregular  and 
In-oken  as  they  approach  the  basin  of  Portage  Lake.  In 
fact,  from  the  latter  town,  southwesterly,  their  character, 
as  distinct  ranges,  is  almost  entirely  lost,  until  they  reap- 
pear at  about  an  equal  distance  from  the  Portage  Lake, 
on  the  other  side  of  the  basin.  .The  continuity  of  the 
trap  rocks,  however,  is  not  destroyed,  though  its  bounds 
are  much  narrowed. 

The  barometer  work  having  been  earned  no  further 
\vest  from  the  extremity  of  the  Point,  than  range  29,  does 
not  enable  me  to  give  the  elevations  of  these  ranges  with 
completeness  ;  but  it  may  be  stated  that  the  highest  point 
found  is  in  the  southerly  range,  in  T.  58  N.,  R.  29  W., 
where  the  trap  rises  into  a  knob  having  an  elevation  above 
Lake  Superior  of  876  feet.     To  this  knob  has  been  given 


29 


the  name  of  Mt.  Houghton.  The  general  elevation  of  the 
northerly  range  of  hills  is,  however,  somewhat  the  greatest, 
the  knobs  rising  to  from  400  to  GOO  feet. 

These  ranges  present  their  steepest  escarpments  on 
their  southerly  sides,  where  they  rise  frequently  into  clifls 
of  100  feet  nearly  perpendicular,  and,  in  one  instance,  in 
the  southerly  range,  to  nearly  400  feet.  In  general,  they 
slope  much  more  gently  to  the  north,  thus  following  the 
general  inclination,  or  dip,  which  is  common  to  all  the 
rocks  of  the  Point. 

The  portion  of  the  trap  district  included  between  these 
two  ranges,  as  far  westerly  as  range  30,  has  a  gradual  de- 
scent into  the  valley  of  the  Little  Montreal  river.  Beyond 
this,  westerly,  it  is  more  rolling  and  sometimes  broken  by 
knobs  and  ridges  of  trap,  with  some  intervening  swamps. 
The  whole  is,  in  general,  covered  by  a  sandy  loam,  and 
is  clothed  with  an  abundant  growth  of  sugar  maple,  birch, 
fir,  oak  and  white  pine  ;  the  maple  greatly  predominating, 
wherever  the  soil  is  of  sufficient  depth.  AVhere  this  soil 
is  barely  sufficient  to  conceal  the  underlying  rock,  cedar  is 
the  prevailing  timber. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  Little  Montreal  river,  above 
alluded  to,  has  its  course  wholly  between  these  two  trap 
ranges,  pursuing  its  course  nearly  across  ranges  30,  29 
and  28.  This  is  the  most  considerable  stream  in  the  dis- 
trict under  consideration.  Though  somewhat  sluggisli 
thrrmgh  the  first  half  of  its  course,  which  may  be  said  tu 
occupy  the  most  elevated  part,  or  plateau,  of  the  trap  re- 
gion, it  becomes  more  rapid  through  ranges  20  and  28, 
and  its  course  to  the  Lake  shows  a  very  considerable  de- 
scent, probably  of  about  300  feet,  through  the  latter  range. 

The  more  northerly  of  these  ranges  of  trap  is  very  uni- 
form in  chaiacter,  and  while  the  rock  of  both  the  north- 


^' 


4  1 


80 

tJiiy  and  southorly  raiitres  may  be  denominated  greenstone, 
that  of  the  latter  is  much  the  most  compact.  The  rocks 
of  the  former  range  have  a  very  distinctly  chrystalino 
Htructure,  passing  from  a  very  granulated  gieonstone  to  a 
rock  composed  of  crystals  of  augitc,  or  hornblende,  and 
feldspar,  with  considerable  intermixture  of  quartz,  some- 
times nearly  forming  an  imperfect  syenitic  granite,  and 
showing  the  identity  of  origin  of  the  trap  and  granite 
rocks.  These  portions  of  the  trap  are  extremely  hard, 
and. break  with  difficulty  under  the  hammer. 

The  central  portion  of  the  more  elevated  knobs  of  the 
:<outherly  range  are  frecpiently  composed  of  a  very  hard 
and  compact  trap  of  a  reddish  color,  which  sometimes 
takes  on  the  character  of  a  trap  breccia,  or  aggregate  of 
small  cemented  angular  pieces  of  rock,  and  may  perhaps 
be  denominated  a  trap  porphyry. 

Intermediate  between  these  two  ranges  the  trap  is 
sometimes  compact,  at  others  amygdaloidal,  and,  occasion- 
ally granular ;  while,  on  the  outer  slopes  of  both  ranges,  it  is 
almost  uniformly  amygdaloidal,  and  is  frequently  what 
maybedenominatetl  a  true  amygdaloid,  having  its  cells 
filled  with  spar,  quartz,  epidote,  and  other  minerals. 

In  an  economical  point  of  view,  the  greenstone  of  the 
trap  range  iswqrthy  of  consideration,  being  well  fitted  for 
use  as  a  building  material,  from  its  durability,  and  the 
ease  with  which,  in  consequence  of  its  jointed  structure,  it 
may  be  quarried. 

CONGLOMERATE  ROCK. 

Resting  against  the  trap  on  its  northerly  slope,  and  ex- 
tending from  the  extremity  of  Keewenaw  Point  westerly 
mto  T.  57  N.,  R.  33  W.,  will  be  found  a  rock  formation 
which  is  evidently  of  sedimentary  origin,  being  composed 
of  water  worn   masses,  generally  of  the  harder  portions 


31 


of  the  trap  rocks,  held  together  by  an  exceo(lini,dy  hurcl 
calcareous  and  argillaceous  cement.  It  is  evident  that 
this  rock  was  deposited  around  the  base  of  the  trap  hills, 
beneath  the  waters,  and  has  been  subsequently  elevated, 
for  the  whole  mass  dips  northerly,  or  from  the  trap  hills, 
at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees. 

At  or  near  its  junction  with  the  trap,  this  rock  rises  in- 
to a  very  distinct  and  generally  continuous  hillv  ran^re ; 
winch  may,  in  fact,  be  considered  as  the  outcropping  edge 
of  the  formation,  i^ing  on  its  northerly  side  in  a  steep 
escarpment,  l)ut  sloping  more  gradually  down  towards 
the  Lake,  on  the  north.  This  ridge  varies  in  elevation, 
the  highest  ascertained  point  being  in  T.  58  N.,  R.  27  W., 
and  is  680  feet  above  Lake  Superior.  But  this  is  much 
above  the  average  elevation,  whicli  will  not  be  found  pro- 
bably to  exceed  350  feet. 

A  marked  difference  is  observable  in  the  character  of  the 
country  occupied  by  the  trap  and  conglomerate  rocks  ; 
for,  while  the  former  exhibits  a  series  of  elevated  knobs  of 
a  rugged  and  broken  character,  the  latter  presents  a  more 
uniform  and  rounded  outline,  and  cedar,  fir,  and  other 
evergreens,  constitute  a  larger  proportion  of  its  timber. 

MIXED  CONGLOMERATE  AND  SANDROCK. 

At  a  short  distance  northerly  from  the  range  last  men- 
tioned, may  be  observed  another,  but  less  elevated  and 
continuous  ridge,  which  is  the  southerly  outcrop  of  the 
mixed  conglomerate  and  sandstone  formation.  This  rock 
may,  in  fact,  be  considered  as  an  upper  member  merely  of 
the  conglomerate,  and  differs  from  it  only  in  being  com- 
posed of  alternating  strata  of  coarse  or  fine  materials, 
derived  from  the  same  origin.  As  the  finer  strata  of  this 
rock  have  been  mistaken  by  some  for  the  red  sandrock, 
hereafter  described,  it  is  important  to  observe  that  a  very 


■k 


.    1 


U  j  ■ 

.'if ' 

m 


32 

marked  tlifibrencc  exists  between  the  two  rocks ;  for,  while 
the  latter  is  mtido  up  of  materials  derived  from  tho  several 
rock  formations  of  the  country,  and  into  which  (juartzose 
grains  enter  most  largely,  the  former  is  wholly  derived 
from  the  trap  rocks. 

This  conglomerate  and  sandrock  range  probably  no- 
where exceeds  3.50  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Lake.  It 
occupies  tho  northern  coast  of  Keewenaw  Point,  with 
some  exceptions  occasioned  by  trap  dykes,  within  the  lim- 
its alluded  to  as  the  extent,  easterly  ^nd  westerly,  of  the 
conglomerate  rock  formation. 

In  the  hollow  between  these  two  ridges  of  conglome- 
rate, and  conglomerate  and  sandrock,  lie  several  long  and 
narrow  lakes,  and  lines  of  swampy  ground  are  not  an  un- 
common feature. 

The  barometer  work  having  been  canied  over  a  com- 
paratively small  portion  of  the  Point,  I  have  not  been 
able  to  form  any  new  estimate  of  the  thickness  of  the  con- 
glomerate and  mixed  rocks.  Those  contained  in  the  re- 
port of  Dr.  Houghton,  made  to  the  Legislature  of  Michi- 
gan in  1841,  may  be  considered  as  sufficiently  precise, 
which  fix  the  maximum  of  the  latter  at  4200  feet,  the 
former  having  probably  a  less  thickness  on  the  Point, 
though  attaining  near  the  Montreal  river  a  thickness  of 
5260  feet. 

TRAP  DYKES. 

I  have  already  alluded  to  the  fact  that  the  granites  of 
the  more  northerly  portion  of  the  primary  district  are  tra- 
versed by  dykes  of  trap,  which  have  produced  great 
changes  in  the  rocks  of  that  district,  as  also  to  the  fact 
that  the  conglomerate  and  sandrocks  are  found  traversed 
by  similar  dykes.  On  approaching  Keewenaw  Point, 
from  the  eastward,  trap  is  seen  apparently  interstratified 


33 


with  the  conglomerate  and  mixed  rocks  whicli  conHtitutc 
the  coast,  the  whole  dipping  together  to  the  north  at  an 
angle  varying  from  30  to  4/3  degrees. 

A  trap  <lyke  of  very  unusual  size  makes  its  appearance 
on  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  Point,  in  section  10,  and 
may  be  traced  westerly,  following  the  general  cnrvat\iro 
of  the  coast,  into  range  '31  west.  It  has  an  avernge  breadth 
of  half  a  mile.  In  its  westerly  prolongation,  this  dyke  first 
approaches  the  coast  at  Copper  Harbor.  It  has  here  been 
broken  across  by  the  waters  of  the  Lake  ;  so  that,  while  the 
conglomerate  rocks  are  found  composing  the  outer  points, 
as  well  as  the  south  side  of  the  harbor,  the  trap  is  seen  at 
its  two  ends  and  at  the  projecting  points  and  islands,  and 
it  forms  the  bar  across  the  entrance. 

Continuing  westerly,  this  dyke  cuts  entirely  across  the 
conglomerates  and  sandrocks,  at  Agate  Harbor,  and  from 
thence  the  coast  is  constituted  of  this  rock,  westerly  as  far 
as  section  3,  in  T.  o8  N.,  R.  31  W.  Along  this  portion  of 
its  course  it  is  found  gradually  thinning  out,  having  at 
(rrand  Marais  and  Eagle  Harbors  a  width  of  a  few 
rods  only,  and  thinning  out  entirely,  or  passing  off  into 
the  deep  water  of  the  Lake,  at  the  point  above  named. 

The  trap  composing  this  dyke  is  partly  compact  and 
partly  of  amygdaloidal  structure.  At  Agate  Harbor,  the 
trap  is  of  this  latter  character,  and  the  cells  are  filled  with 
chalcedony,  cornelian,  jasper,  quartz,  &c.,  often  forming 
agates  of  great  size  and  beauty.  This  part  of  the  coast 
is  lined  with  islands  at  a  few  rods  distance  from  the  main 
shore,  most  of  which  appear  to  be  portions  of  trap  of  a 
more  hard  and  compact  character,  and  which  have  resist- 
ed the  action  of  the  waters  that  have  washed  away  the  in- 
termediate portions,  thus  form-inff  a  series  of  narrow  and 
deep  channels 


I 


'm 


34 

This  dyke  dips  regularly  with  the  conglomerate  and 
sandrock  in  which  it  is  included,  to  the  north  and  north- 
west, at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees. 

RED  SANDROCK. 

This  rock,  the  equivalent  of  the  Potsdam  red  sandrock 
of  the  New  York  reports,  it  will  be  seen  by  the  map,  oc- 
cupies the  whole  remainder  of  the  portion  of  Keewenaw 
Point  imder  consideration,  skirting  a  large  part  of  the 
trap  range,  on  both  sides,  but  having  by  far  its  broadest 
extension  on  the  south  side.  It  here  lies  in  nearly  hori- 
zontal strata,  though  at  the  coast  a  slight  dip  inland  is  ob- 
servable, becoming  more  apparent  as  it  approaches  the 
basin  of  Portage  Lake.  In  its  approach  to  the  trap,  how- 
ever, it  is  found  more  or  less  tilted  from  its  original  hori- 
zontal position,  and  is  also  very  much  altered  by  its  con- 
tact with  that  igneous  rock.  The  evidences  both  of  the 
deposition  of  this  extensive  formation,  in  calm  and  shal- 
low waters,  and  of  the  subsequent  change  induced  in  it  by 
the  trap  rocks,  when  in  a  fused  or  heated  state,  are  very 
apparent. 

Receding  from  the  trap  ranges  southward,  the  surface 
of  the  country  underlaid  by  this  rock  is,  in  general,  rollinn-, 
and  timbered  with  sugar  maple,  hemlock,  birch,  spruce, 
fir  and  occasional  large  pines.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam, 
and,  in  general,  of  good  quality.  Approaching  the  Lake 
coast,  the  land  falls  gradually  to  a  level,  where  the  ever- 
greens predominate  over  the  maple,  and  the  country  is 
much  cut  up  by  marshes. 

MINERAL  VEINS. 

In  regard  to  this  subject,  I  have  deemed  it  unnecessary 
to  enter  into  details,  for  the  reason  that  the  returns  of  the 
surveys,  so  far  as  the  geology  is  concerned,  relate  rather 
to  the  general  character  of  the  region,  and  that  the  obser- 


35 


vations  of  the  past  season,  so  far  as  can  now  be  determined, 
tend  to  confirm  the  facta  which  have  been  stated  with  con- 
siderable minuteness  of  detail,  in  the  report  made  by  Dr. 
Houghton,  in  1841,  to  the  Legislature  of  the  state  of  Mi- 
chigan. 

It  may,  however,  be  observed,  that  the  courses  of  many 
veins  have  been  fixed  with  accuracy,  and  the  veins  them- 
selves traced,  in  some  instances,  for  several  miles  across 
the  conglomerate  and  sandrocks,  and  into  and  across  some 
portions  of  the  trap.  The  observations  thus  made,  are 
confirmatory  of  the  fact  first  noted  by  Dr.  Houghton,  that 
the  true  veins  of  the  district  referred  to,  pursue  a  course 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  line  of  bearing  of  the  trap 


range. 


In  concluding  these  brief  descriptions,  it  may  be  pro- 
per to  state,  that  the  personal  observations  of  the  writer 
have  been  confined  almost  entirely  to  a  somewhat  cursory 
exploration,  made  several  years  ago,  while  acting  as  as- 
sistant to  Dr.  Houghton,  in  his  arduous  labors  in  the  ge- 
ological commission  of  Michigan,  and  that  he  has  been 
enabled  to  devote  but  a  very  limited  time  to  the  examina- 
tion of  the  specimens  collected,  and  of  the  notes  returned. 
It  is  very  probable,  that  he  may  have  omitted  many  facts 
of  importance.  It  is  only  by  special  solicitation,  and  the 
apparent  necessity  of  the  case,  that  he  has  undertaken  to 
prepare  such  general  observations  as  seemed  called  for 
under  present  circumstances. 

In  attempting  this  duty,  the  undersigned  cannot  be  un- 
mindful of  the  very  meagre  and  imperfect  sketch  here 
presented,  when  compared  with  whatever  proceeded  from 
that  master  mind,  whose  genius  first  developed,  and  whose 
indomitable  energy  tracked  through  all  its  difficulties,  a 
system  not  only  intricate  in  itself,  but  novel  to  science;  and 


r' 


I- 


I    M" 


r*if 


36 

in  a  region  at  that  time  destitute  of  all  the  ordinary  f  acili- 
ties  for  scientific  investigation.  To  the  same  active  and 
philosophic  mind,  we  owe  the  system  of  the  miion  of  ge- 
ological with  the  lineal  surveys  of  lands  of  the  United 
States,  the  first  experimental  results  of  which  are  now 
returned  to  this  department. 

In  presenting  these,  it  may  not  be  deemed  inappropri- 
ate  to  allude  to  the  general  advantages  resulting  from  the 
new  system,  as  devised,  and  thus  far  successfully  prose- 
cuted,  by  Dr.  Houghton. 

The  advantages  of  thorough  geological  and  topographi- 
cal surveys,  are  now  so  well  appreciated,  that  they  have 
been  prosecuted  to  a  considerable  extent  by  foreign  go- 
vernments.    Great  Britain  has  already  appropriated  im- 
mense sums  towards  the  accomplishment  of  a  complete 
survey  of  that  kingdom,  which  has  as  yet  advanced  but  a 
comparatively  little   way.      And  the  geological  surveys 
made  by  the  United  States,  have  made  very  fully  and  ge- 
nerally known  the  advantages  of  these  undertakings.     For- 
tunately, the  system  of  rectangular  surveying,  adopted  by 
the  United  States  government,  affords  the  best  possible 
opportunity  to  accomplish,  with  little  additional  expense, 
what,  under  other  circumstances,  could  be  effected  only  at 
a  much  more  considerable  cost.     The  maps,  both  geolo- 
gical and  topographical,  herewith   returned,  will  afford 
some  evidence  of  the  extreme  accuracy,  as  well  as  extent 
and  minuteness  of  the  results  thus  obtained. 

In  noticing  some  of  the  scientific  results  of  the  survey 
of  the  past  season,  the  duty  would  be  imperfectly  perfor- 
med,  were  I  to  omit  calling  attention  to  the  unwonted  ac- 
curacy with  which  the  lines  have  been  run.  This  accura- 
cy  has  been  attained  by  the  exclusive  use,  by  all  the  par- 
ties, of  "  Burt's  Solar  Compass-'  an  instrument  too  well 


37 


known  to  need  more  than  a  bare  allusion,  but  the  great 
value  of  which  has  been  more  than  fully  confirmed  during 
the  surveys  of  the  past  season.     This  remark  will  seem 
justified,  when  it  is  considered  that  nearly  the  whole  re- 
gion  of  country  traversed  by  these  surveys  abounds  with 
mmeral  attractive  to  the  magnet;  that  the  needle  has  been 
almost  constantly  acted  upon  by  causes  which  produced 
deviations  from  the  time  meridian  of  the  earth's  magnet- 
ism, and  often  so  powerfully  as  to  completely  reverse  the 
direction  of  its  poles.     A  variation  fluctuating  from  6°  to 
20O  on  either  side  of  the  true  meridian,  was  not  uncom- 
mon, through  the  length  of  an  entire  township ;  and  it 
seems  difficult  to  imagine  how  the  lines  could  have  been 
run  with  the  ordinary  surveyor's  compass.     Other  impor- 
tant advantages  have  been  arrived  at,  from  the  use  of  this 
compass,  of  both  a  scientific  and  practical  character ;  one 
of  which  only,  will  be  here  alluded  to,  viz:  the  means  af- 
forded by  it  of  detecting  the  presence  of  certain  rocks, 
over  large  areas,  where  no  rocks  are  visible  at  the  surface! 
This  was  particulariy  observable  in  the  region  of  the  great 
trap  ranges,  where  it  was  almost  uniformly  found  that  the 
needle  became  deflected  towards  the  mass  of  the  trap  hills, 
even  though  distant,  and  was  more  or  less  fluctuating,' 
when  passing  over  a  country  whose  underlying  rock  was 
trap.     The  same  phenomena  were  exhibited  among  the 
iron  ore  rocks  of  the  metamorphic  region. 

^  Allusion  may  here  be  made  to  the  increased  importance 
given  to  the  work  of  the  past  season,  by  the  introduction 
of  the  barometer  upon  the  lines,  by  means  of  which,  the 
elevations  of  the  country  are  exhibited  with  a  great  de- 
gree of  accuracy ;  a  complete  section  being  obtained  on 
every  line,  and  thus  furnishing  all  that  was  needed  to  make 
a  true,  complete  and  minute  exhibit  of  the  topography  of 


fu,t| 


1^- 


38 

the  country.  In  another  and  more  scientific  point  of  view, 
the  use  of  this  instrument  becomes  highly  important,  from 
the  means  it  affords  of  ascertaining  the  true  dip  and  thick- 
ness of  rocks ;  data,  the  importance  of  which  are  appre- 
ciated not  merely  by  the  man  of  science,  but,  as  is  well 
known,  in  the  practical  operations  more  es{>ecially  of  the 
miner  and  engineer. 

It  may  be  allowed  me,  further,  to  allude  to  the  commen- 
dable zeal  and  fidelity  which  has  been  exhibited  by  all 
those  who  have  been  associated  with  Dr.  Houghton,  as 
his  aids,  during  these  surveys,  in  furthering  the  plans 
marked  out  by  him,  and  by  their  numerous  and  close  ob- 
servations, assisting  to  perfect  the  knowledge  of  the  ge- 
ology of  that  interesting  region. 

BELA  *HUBBARD. 


^'■'if 


'CI: 


i 


■fit' 


89 


Section  illustrative  of  the   or  de?-    of  super -position  of  the  . 
Rocks  of  the  Upper  JPeninsula. 


9. 


8. 


6. 


5. 


Tertiary  Clays  and  Sands. 


Upper  Limerock  Group,  (embracing  as  mem- 
bers, the  Drummond  Island  and  Mackinaw 
Limestones.) 


Lower  Limerock  and  Shales. 


Sandv  or  Intermediate  Limestone. 


3. 


Upper  Grey  Sandstone, 


Lower  or  Red  Sandrock  and  Shales, 


Mixed  Conglomerate  and  Sandrock, 


Conglomerate  rock, 


MetamoryHic,  Trap  and  Primary  rocks. 


Thickness  in  feet. 


mean  700  it. 


extreme  6,500. 


extreme  4,200. 


extreme  5,2G0. 


!f^ 


40 


MINERALS  AND  MINERAL  VEINS. 
iFrom  Dr.  Houghton's  Report  of  1841.] 

In  considering  this  portion  of  the  subject,  I  propose  to 
treat  the  minerals  of  the  different  formations  separately, 
so  far  as  the  same  can  be  done,  and  although  this  method 
will  necessarily  cause  some  repetition,  it  will  enable  me 
to  show,  more  perfectly  than  could  otherwise  be  done,  the 
connection  between  those  minerals  that  may  be  regarded 
as  of  practical  value,  and  the  rocks  to  which  they  belong. 
^  As  a  whole,  the  rocks  of  the  upper  peninsula  are  defi- 
cient in  number  of  minerals,  though  some  few  individual 
S2)ecies  occur  abundantly. 

MINERALS  OP  THE  PRIMARY  ROCKS. 

The  following  list  can  by  no  means  be  regarded  as  per- 
fect, but  it  will  serve,  at  least,  to  convey  an  idea  of  the 
small  number  of  minerals  which  are  found  in  connection 
with  the  rocks  of  this  group. 

Schorl, 

Tourmaline, 

Hornblende, 

Actynolite, 

MINERALS  OF  THE  METAMORPHIC  GROUP  OF  ROCKS. 

Quartz,  common.  Iron,  scaly  red  oxid  of, 

niilky,  *«    haematite, 

greasy,  «    pyritous, 

tabular,  Steatite, 

Serpentine,  common,  Novaculite.  » 

Of  the  minerals  enumerated  as  occurring  in  the  meta- 
morphic  rocks,  the  milky  variety  of  quartz  is  abundant, 
sometimes  composing  almost  entire  ranges  of  hills.  The 
novacuhte  is  also  abundant,  but  of  a  coarse  variety.  This 
last  IS  associated  with  the  talcose  slates.  The  remaining 
minerals  appear  either  disseminated,  or  forming  druses  in 


Mica, 
Feldspar, 


(( 


Quartz. 


red. 


« 


« 


(< 


41 


the  quartz  rock,  though  sometimes  they  occur  in  thin  beds 
or  veins,  in  the  talcose  slate,  which  beds  conform  to  the  Hne 
or  cleavage  of  that  rock.  Although  the  haematite  is 
abundantly  disseminated  through  all  the  rocks  of  the  meta- 
morphic  group,  it  does  not  appear  in  sufficient  quantity,  at 
any  one  point  that  has  been  examined,  to  be  of  practical 
importance. 

MINERALS  OF  THE  TRAP  ROCKS. 


Quartz,  common, 

"     smoky, 

"     milky, 

*'     greasy, 

*'     radiated, 

"     mamillary, 

"     drusv, 

"     amethystine, 
Chalcedony, 
Cornelian, 
Jasper, 
Agate,  common, 

"     fortification, 
Augite, 
Actynolite, 
Serpentine, 


Steatite,  common, 

Asbestus, 

Amianthus, 

Calcareous  spar. 

Copper,  native, 
"       pyritous, 
"       black. 


"       red  oxid  of, 
**       azure  carbonate  of, 
"       green  carbonate  of 
"  "         "  ferruginous. 

Lead,  sulphuret  of, 
"  carbonate  of, 
Iron,    pyritous, 
"  red  oxid  of, 
"  hydrate  of, 
"     pseudomorphous,         "  silicate  of, 
Chlorite,  common,  Manganese,  ferruginous  oxid  of. 

Silver,  native,  (very  rare,) 
Stilbite, 
Laumonite, 
Prehnite. 

Since  a  consideration  of  the  minerals  contained  in  the 
trap,  w^ill  also  involve  a  portion  of  those  embraced  in  the 
conglomerate,  the   mixed   rock,    and  red   sandrock    and 
4*      .  / 


"     earthy, 
Analcime, 
Harmotome, 
Heulandite, 


til 


V 


m 


46 


1 


shales,  I  will,  before   referring  minutely   to  those  of  the 
trap  rocks,  lay  before  you  a  list  of  those  which  occur  most 
frequently  in  the  sedimentary  rocks  last  mentioned.     The 
fact  that  veins  of  mineral  matter,  traversing  the  trap,  are 
frequently  continued  across  the  several  sedimentary  rocks, 
and  that  dykes  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  these  latter 
rocks,  would  lead  to  the  inference  that  there  would  be  a 
considerable  degree  of  resemblance  in   the  character  of 
the  minerals  embraced  in  these  dykes   and  veins,  in  both 
the  trap  and  sedimentary  rocks,  and  to  a  certain  extent, 
this  inference  would  be  true ;  but  it  should  be  bonie  in 
mind,  as  has  already  been  stated,  that  the  veins,  in  traver- 
sing the  several  upper  rocks,  undergo  very  great  changes 
in  mineral. character. 

MINERALS  OF  THE  CONGLOMERATE,  MIXED  ROCK  AND  RED  SANJ»- 

ROCK. 


Calcarf  ^ns  spar, 

Quartz,  common, 
*"     milky, 
**     drusy, 

Chalcedony, 

Cornelian-,* 

Jasper,* 


* 


Agate,* 


Copper,  nativp.f 

pyritous,f 
blue  carb.  of,f 
green  carb.  oft 
earthy  green  carb.  of,t 
black,t 
Zinc,  siliceous  oxid  of, 
"         carbonate  of, 
Iron,  pyritous, 

black  oxid  of,  (cemented  iron  sand,) 
red  oxid  of, 
hydrate  of, 
silicate  of. 


(( 


t( 


tt 


It 


« 


<< 


(( 


t( 


:¥ 


^Occasionally  occurring  among  the  pebbles  constituting  the  mass  of  the 
conglomerate. 

ij  .!.  „..^v  |j.uttiOuo  ui  luc  veius  iraversing  the  conglomerate. 


48 


MINERAL  VEINS  OP  THE  TRAP,  CONGLOMERATE,  &c. 

In  ord  iv  to  render  the  subject  of  the  mineral  veins  tra- 
versing the  above  rocks,  so  far  intelligible  as  may  be  in  my 
power,  I  have  already  been  particular  to  define,  as  far  as 
could  b3  done  without  maps  and  sections,  the  relation 
which  the  trap  rocks,  together  with  the  superincumbent 
conglomerate,  mixed  sand  and  conglomerate  and  red  sand- 
rock  bear  to  each  other,  and  it  will  be  necessary,  in  con- 
sidering the  mineral  contents  of  these  rocks  and  the  veins 
traversing  them,  to  keep  this  relation  constantly  and  clearly 
in  view. 

It  will  be  recollected,  that  the  northwesterly  range  of 
hills,  commencing  at  the  extremity  of  Keewenaw  Point, 
and  stretching  from  thence  in  a  southwesterly  direction 
into  the  interior,  were  referred  to  as  being  more  clearly  of 
trappose  origin  than  either  of  the  other  ranges,  and  that 
the  rock  of  the  southerly  portion  of  this  range  is  either 
compact  greenstone  or  altered  syenite;  while  that  of  the 
northerly  flank  is  almost  invariably  either  an  amygdaloid 
or  a  rock  approaching  to  toadstone.     . 

The  several  ranges  of  hills  to  the  south  of  that  last 
alluded  to,  are  either  well  formed,  compact  greenstones, 
altered  syenite,  or,  (as  we  approach  the  primary  range,) 
imperfectly  formed  granites.  So  far  as  the  several  ranges 
of  hills,  lying  south  from  the  northerly  range,  are  concern- 
ed, they  would  appear  to  be,  as  a  whole,  deficient  in  mine- 
rals, and  the  rocks  are  not  apparently  traversed  by  veins 
or  dykes  of  any  more  recent  date  than  that  of  the  uplift 
of  the  northerly  trap  hills. 

Veins  clearly  of  a  date  posterior  to  the  uplift  of  that 
portion  of  the  trap  rock  last  mentioned,  are  of  frequent 
occurrence,  and  these  veins  not  only  traverse  a  portion  of 
the  trap  range,  but  also  pass  into  the  conglomerate,  and 


m 


a 


44 

bometimes  completely  across  the  three  sedimentary  rocks, 
immediately  above  the  trap,  thus  having  an  unbroken 
length  of  several  miles.  The  class  of  veins  to  which  I 
now  allude,  where  they  occur  in  a  connected  or  continuous 
portion  of  the  range,  rarely  vary  more  than  12°  to  15^ 
from  a  right  angle  to  the  line  of  bearing  of  the  sedimen- 
tary rocks,  and  in  pursuing  this  course,  they  necessarily 
cut  across  the  dyke^  of  trap  before  alluded  to  as  so  fre- 
quently  appearing  between  the  strata,  and  conforming  to 
the  dip  of  the  lower  sedimentary  rocks. 

That  the  veins  under  consideration  belong  to  a  single 
epoch,  is  inferred  from  the  fact,  that  none  have  been  noti- 
ced with  other  veins  crossing  them,  as  also  for  the  reason 
that  none  have  ever  been  noticed  with  dislocations,  heaves 
or  disturbance  of  any  kind,  save  what  may  be  referred  to 
causes  connected  with  their  immediate  origin. 

That  these  veins  must  be  regarded  in  the  strictest  sense 
as  true  veins,  cannot  be  doubted,  and  that  their  origin  or 
source,  over  the  extended  district  alluded  to,  has  be'en  the 
same,  is  inferred  from  the  perfect  identity  of  their  mine- 
ral contents  ;  for  a  description  of  one  of  these  true  veins 
may  be  said  to  be  essentially  a  description  of  the  whole. 
Thus,  while  the  mineral  contents  of  the  different  portions 
of  the  same  vein  change  as  the  rock  traversed  changes, 
the  con-esponding  portions  of  different  veins  almost  in- 
variably bear  a  striking  and  close  resemblance  to  each 
other. 

These  veins,  as  has  already  been  stated,  where  they  tra- 
verse connected  ranges  of  the  trap,  are  regular  in  course 
and  direction,  but  when  they  are  connected  with  a  single 
uplifted  knob  of  that  rock,  they  are  irregular  and  can 
scarcely  be  defined,  appearing,  in  the  latter  instance,  rath- 


##? 


45 


er  as  matter  injected  into  the  fissures  of  a  shattered  mass 
of  rock,  than  as  connected  veins. 

The  importance  of  carefully  studying  the  relation  whicli 
these  veins  bear  to  the  rocks  which  they  traverse,  as  also 
the  relation  which  they  bear  to  the  numerous  trap  dykes, 
together  with  the  few  cotemporaneous  veins  noticed  in  the 
trap,  is  very  much  increased  by  the  circumstance,  that 
these  veins  are  more  or  less  connected  with,  or  rather 
contain,  metallic  materials,  which,  it  may  be  fairly  inferred 
will  hereafter  become  of  very  considerable  practical  im- 
portance. In  fact,  so  far  as  we  may  be  enabled  to  judge 
from  the  examinations  already  made  in  this  district  of  coun- 
try, it  is  confidently  believed  that  most,  if  not  all  the  me- 
talliferous veins  of  the  upper  peninsula  belong  to  veins 
of  the  epoch  of  those  under  consideration.  It  is  true  that 
native  metals,  more  particularly  copper,  are  sometimes 
found,  in  place,  occupying  the  joints  or  natural  septae  of 
greenstone,  but  in  these  instances,  the  amount  of  metal  is 
always  comparatively  small,  and,  with  one  or  two  ex- 
ceptions, I  have  invariably  been  able  to  establish  some 
connection  between  the  native  metal  occupying  these  joints 
and  the  termination  of  some  metalliferous  vein  that  tra- 
verses other  portions  of  the  rock  not  far  distant,  and  it  is 
believed  that  the  metal  filling  these  joints  has  invariably 
resulted  from  the  action  of  causes  precisely  analogous  to 
those  which  have  placed  similar  metals  in  the  veins  to 
which  I  have  alluded. 

The  earliest  as  well  as  all  travellers,  who  have  visited 
the  district  of  country  under  consideration,  have  not  failed 
to  make  frequent  allusion  to  the  loose  masses  of  native 
copper  that  have  been  occasionally  found  scattered  over 
it,  nor  has  any  one  failed  to  allude  to  the  largo  bowlder  or 
loose  mass  of  that  metal  upon  the  Ontonagon  river.     Al- 


m 


^;,. 


46 

UioHt  invariably,  the  opinion  has  been  expressed,  from  the 
requent  occurrence  of  these  masses,  that  the  metal  must 
be  abundant  in  the  country.     But,  after  all.  the  true  sour- 
ces  from  which  these  masses  had  their  origin,  or  the  rel-i 
tion  which  they  held  to  the  rocks  of  the  district,  would 
appear  never  to  have  been  understood ;  and  all,  or  nearly 
all,  that  was  known  of  their  true  relations,  was  left  to 
conjecture.     The  result  of  this  has  been,  that  while  somo 
have  excessively  magnified  every  thing  connected  with  a 
subject  of  which,  in  truth,  nothing  was  known,  another 
class,  equally  far  from  what  is  really  true,  have  regarded 
these  masses  of  native  copper  as  bowlders  transported 
trom  high  northern  latitudes.* 

As  far  back  as  1831  and'  1832,  I  had  occasion  to  pass 
no  less  than  three  times,  along  the  south  coast  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, as  also  to  ascend  several  of  the  important  tributa- 
ries  of  that  Lake,  and  during  these  years,  I  passed  by  three 
diffei^ent  routes,  widely  separated  from  each  other,  com- 
pletely across  to  the  Mississippi  river.  It  is  true  that  these 
journeys,  made  through  a  complete  wilderness,  uninhabi- 
ted  except  by  savages,  were  necessarily  made  under  cir- 
cumstances that  admitted  of  only  very  general  observa- 

*  The  vast  area  of  country  over  which  the  bowlders  of  native  Conner 
ttn"^  W"h  "'^""^"  consideration,  (together  with  it.  .'J^^lS/a- 
tion,)  have  been  transported,  is  worthy  of  remark.     They  are  not  of  imfro 
quent  occurrence  in  .hesand  and  gravel  of  the  southern  pL'^sJa  of  Mkt' 
n^r  1  ''"'k  '^'  '^"'^^^<^^r^^^  of  the  geological  survev,  many  of    hese 
masses  have  been  met,  some  of  which  wei^h   from  seven'to  ei^ht  nonnd? 
In  the  v,cmity  of  Green  Bay,  a  mass  was  discovered.  romftefyLralo 
^rst'oTalirr"':'  if  my  memory  serves    me  corS^l-'LS 
masses  of  a  similar  character,  have  been  met  with  in  various  other  portions 
of  Wisconsin   as  also  at  various   points  in  Illinois,  Indiana  and  Olfio      In 
these  cases,  the^  occurrence  of  these  masses  of  native  copper  are  no  mor 

!!!!;iL!!:'.?_l/"?'««?l^""'?^'^^r^  «f  Pri'nary  bowlders  scattered  ove.  tt 

inZ^^T'T"^  °'.  ''^^f"S^"'  indications  of  the  existence  of  primary  rock 
«i  place,  in  the  district  whefe  they  are  found.  pnmaiy  rocK 


-tk, 


47 


tions  ;  but  the  result  of  these  previous  examinations  have 
proved  of  immense  service  to  me,  in  aiding  the  labors  of 
the  past  season.  I  allude  to  these  jounieys  and  examina- 
tions at  this  time,  in  order  to  show  ypu  the  difHculties  by 
which  a  full  understanding  of  the  subject  under  consider- 
ation is  surrounded,  for  I  became  satisfied  at  that  time,  not 
only  that  the  subject  was  not  understood  by  the  mass  of 
those  who  had  traversed  the  country,  but  that  even  the 
natives  of  the  country  had  no  knowledge  of  the  true 
sources  from  which  the  transported  masses  of  copper  had 
their  origin. 

During  the  time  of  the  examinations  alluded  to,  a  bare 
glimmer  of  light  was  thrown  upon  the  subject  by  an  exa- 
mination of  some  small  masses  of  copper,  found  occupy- 
ing the  joints  of  the  greenstone;  as  also  by  the  examina- 
tion of  a  single  vein  in  the  conglomerate,  containing  the 
ores  of  copper,  which  has  since  been  found  to  be  the  ter- 
mination of  a  vein  that  is  somewhat  obscurely  continued 
from  the  trap  region.  While  these  examinations  were  suf- 
ficient to  enable  me  to  draw  the  inference  that  the  masses  of 
native  copper  came  chiefly,  if  not  wholly,  from  the  trap,  and 
more  rarely  from  those  sedimentary  rocks  resting  imme- 
diately upon  it,  it  was  supposed  that  this  occurrence  would 
follow  the  general  law,  and  that  it,  together  with  the  other 
ores  of  the  metal,  would  occur  in  greatest  abundance  near 
the  line  of  junction  of  this  rock,  with  the  overlaying  sedi- 
mentary rocks.  Nothing,  or  at  least  very  little,  was  known 
of  the  true  extent  or  range  of  the  trap  rocks,  and  the  very 
great  inaccuracies  in  the  published  maps  of  the  country, 
rendered  it  almost  impossible  to  apply  even  the  data  on 
hand  to  such  purpose  as  to  relieve  the  embarrassment. 

AXTifli  Q  -full  Irnrk^xrlorlnpo  nf  tVi<aa<:»  /liflfinnlti<:»fl     T  dflf-OTmin^fl  J^^M 

during  the  past  season,  to  endeavor  to  surmount  them  by 


i\m 


48 

so  far  adding  to  our  geographical  knowledge  of  the  coast 
of  the  Lake  and  its  immediate  vicinity,  as  to  enable  me  to 
place   whatever    geological   observations  of  importance 
might  be  made,  in  such  condition  that  the  relations  of  the 
several  parts  might  be  understood.     Having  sufficiently 
accomplished  this,  I  proceeded  to  a  very  minute  examina- 
tion of  the  several  rocks  overlaying  or  resting  against  the 
trap,  together  with  a  determination  of  the  thickness  of  the 
several  members,  and  their  rate  of  decrease  or  wedgincr 
to  the  east.     With  these  data,  I  was  enabled,  by  noting 
the  dip  of  the  rock  upon  the  coast,  to  determine,  with 
sufficient  accuracy  for  the  purposes  to  which  the  rule  was 
to  be  apphed,  the  line  of  junction  between  the  trap  and 
conglomerate  rocks.    This  rule,  whenput  in  practice,  ena- 
bled me  to  decide,  with  a  very  considerable  degree  of 
certainty,  this  line  of  junction,  when  the  rocks  were  co- 
vered wuh  a  very  considerable  thickness  of  detrital  mat- 
ter; and  when  so  covered,  I  was  enabled,  by  traversinc. 
the  country,  on  the  line  of  bearing  of  the  upper  rocks,  the 
more  readily  to  gain  access  to  such  points  as  would  admit 
ot  examination. 

These  observations  soon  showed  me  that  this  line  of 
junction  between  the  trap  rock  and  the  south  edge  of  the 
conglomerate,  instead  of  pursuing  a  course  parallel  to  the 
coast  only  continued  its  parallelism  for  a  few  miles  wes- 
terly from  the  extremity  of  Keewenaw  Point,  after  which 
tor  a  long  distance,  it  recedes  from  the  coast  rapidly    These' 
facts  serred  to  explain  in  part,  why  the  subject  of  the  ori- 
gm  of  the  masses  of  copper  had  remained  a  mystery  for 
the  country  through  which  this  line  passes,  is  hardly  ever 
passed  over,  even  by  the  Indians,  and  probably  large  por- 
.      -  -  "■"— "=-«  ueeu  passed  over  by  the  whites;  but 
•n  add.t.on  to  this,  the  obscure  character  of  the  metallife- 


49 


'g 


-  rous  veins  is  such,  that  they  would  scarcely  attract  the  ob- 
servation  of  the  traveller  whose  attention  was  not  called 
especially  to  the  subject;  for  many  of  the  richest  ores  are 
so  far  from  having  the  appearance  of  the  pure  metal,  that 
they  would  be  the  last  suspected  to  contain  it  in  any  form. 
That  the  connection  of  these  ores  with  the  containing 
rocks  was  not  understood  by  the  English  mining  company, 
whose  attention  was  turned  to  this  subject  at  an  early  day, 
is  to  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that  they  commenced  their 
operations  at  Miners'  river,  where  the  rock  is  the  upper  or 
grey  sandstone,  which  has  never  been  observed  to  contain 
mineral  veins ;  and,  also,   on  Ontonagon  river,  near  the 
mass  of  native  copper,  at  which  point  a  shaft  was  com- 
menced and  carried  about  forty  feet  through  a  reddish 
clay,  at  which  point  the  red  sandrock  was  reached.     Now, 
although  the  metalliferous  veins  sometimes  pass  from  the' 
trap  across  the  red  sandstone,  these  veins  in  the  red  sand- 
rock  have  never  been  noticed  to  contain  any  other  ores 
than  those  of  zinc  and  iron,  unless  it  be  at  the  immediate 
pomt  where  the  vein  crossing  comes  in  contact  with  a  dyke 
of  trap,  which  condition  does  not  exist  at  the  point  alhi- 
ded  to,  on  Ontonagon  river.     What  indications  could  have 
mduced  these  Quixotic  trials  at  the  points  where  they 
were  commenced,  is  more  than  I  have  been  able  to  divine, 
and  as  might  have  been  anticipcted,  the  attempts  resulted 
m  a  failure  to  find  the  object  sought. 

Having  thus,  in  a  general  manner,  set  forth  the  obscu- 
rity by  which  the  subject  of  the  true  source  of  the  trans- 
ported  masses  of  native  copper  has  been  surrounded,  to- 
gether with  some  of  the  reasons  which  have  served  to 
prevent  its  being  fairly  understood,  I  wilPnow  proceed 
to  a  general  sketch  of  the  metalliferous  veins  of  the  dis- 
trict, so  far  as  the  same  have  been  examined;  premising, 


m 


[«i'l'' 


that  our  knowledge  of  them  is  still  deficient  in  very  many 
important  particulars,  which  can  only  be  supplied  by  a 
careful  and  continued  examination  of  the  subject,  which, 
in  fact,  can  only  be  said  to  be  but  just  commenced. 

I  have  had  occasion  to  refer  to  the  outer  or  northerly 
range  of  hills,  or  those  from  which  the  metalliferous  veins 
may  be  said  to  spring,  as  being  composed  of  trap  rock, 
and  lest  what  has  been  said  may  not  be  fairly  understood, 
I  will  repeat,  that  the  more  southerly  part  of  the  range  is 
uniformly  composed  of  compact  greenstone,  under  which 
head  I  not  only  include  true  greenstone,  but  also  those 
forms  of  altered  granular  gneiss  and  gneissoid  granite, 
which  sometimes  are  associated  with  it,  while  the  outer  or 
northerly  portion  of  the  same  range  is  usually  composed 
of  an  amygdaloidal  form  of  trap.  The  cells  of  the  amyg- 
daloid are  usually  filled  with  the  different  varieties  of 
quartz,  cornelian,  chalcedony  and  agate,  and  sometimes, 
though  more  rarely,  with  native  copper,  or  with  calcare- 
ous spar,  though  they  are  sometimes  entirely  empty,  con- 
stituting a  perfect  toadstone. 

The  metalliferous  veins  cross  this  range  of  trap,  usually 
very  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  prolongation  of  the  hills, 
and  are  frequently  continued  in  the  same  course,  across 
the  upper  or  sedimentary  rocks,  thus  crossing  the  latter  at 
an  angle  varying  but  little  from  their  line  of  bearing. — 
While  the  continuity,  of  course,  of  the  vein,  may  remain 
perfect  in  its  complete  passage  from  the  greenstone  across 
the  several  members  of  the  conglomerate,  mixed  and  red 
sandstone  rocks,  the  character  and  mineral  contents  of  the 
vein  undergoes  essential  change,  and  not  only  does  the 
vein  appear  to  be  influenced  in  its  mineral  contents,  but 
wi/lf-Vj   fof   Q^g    Q.  crpneral  rule,  the   width  of  the 


olan   ir»    if- 


"   6 ' 


vein  increases  as  we  proceed  northerly,  or  from  the  green- 


51 


stone.  Thus,  a  vein  which  may  appear  of  only  a  few  inches 
in  width,  or  as  a  bare  line  in  the  southerly  or  greenstone 
portion  of  the  range,  increases  in  width  rapidly  as  it  ap- 
proaches and  passes  across  the  amygdaloid,  and  at  or  near 
the  line  of  junction  between  the  amygdaloid  and  the  sedi- 
mentary rocks,  it  will  frequently  be  found  to  have  attained 
a  thickness  of  several  feet,  while  in  its  passage  across  the 
sedimentary  rocks  it  is  usually  either  still  further  increased 
m  width,  or  becomes  so  blended  with  the  rock  itself,  as  to 
render  it  difficult  to  define  its  boundaries. 

These  metalliferous  veins,  like  those  which  occur  under 
similar  circumstances  in  other  portions  of  the  globe,  do 
not  continue  uninterruptedly  of  any  given  width,  for  great 
distances,  nor  is  their  width  increased  regularly,  for  they 
frequently  ramify  or  branch  off  in  strings,  that  pursue  a 
course  generally  somewhat  parallel  to  the  general  direc- 
tion of  the  main  vein,  and  which  eventually  again  unite 
with  It.  Sometimes  these  ramifications  or  branches  de- 
stroy, as  it  were,  for  a  considerable  distance,  the  whole 
vein ;  but  they  at  length  unite  again,  and  the  main  vein  is, 
after  their  junction,  as  perfectly  developed  as  before. 

While  traversing  the  most  compact,  southerly  portion 
of  the  greenstone,  the  veins  are  most  frequently  made  up 
of  a  very  compact  and  finely  granulated  geenstone,  some- 
times associated  with  steatitic  minerals  and  silicate  of  iron, 
under  which  circumstances  they  usually  are  destitute  of 
any  other  metallic  mineral,  but  occasionally,  instead  of 
the  materials  above  mentioned,  their  place  is  supplied  by 
native  copper,  without  veinstone  or  matrix,  and  usually 
free  from  nearly  all  earthy  impurities,  but  almost  invari- 
ably incrusted  with  oxid,  or  carbonate  of  the  metal.  Those 
portions  of  the  vein  traversing  the  greenstone,  in  which 
native  copper  occurs,  under  the  circumstances  above  men- 


m 

.■:'rt| 


/ 


52 


\ 


tioned,  are  invariably  thin,  rarely  exceeding  three  or  four 
inches  in  thickness,  and  usually  considerably  less,  and  they 
are  liable  to  very  considerable  variation  in  w^idth,  from  the 
divergence  caused  by  the  vein  traversing  the  joints  of  the 
rock,  where  these  joints  produce  the  same  character  of 
change  as  is  produced  by  the  ordinary  ramification  of  a 
vein. 

As  these  metalliferous  veins  traverse  the  northerly  por- 
tion of  the  range,  or  approach  the  sedimentary  rocks,  thej 
imdergo  a  gradual  change  in  width  as  well  as  in  mineral 
character,  and  it  has  been  noticed  that  where  the  amygda- 
loid is  most  largely  developed,  the  vein,  as  a  general  rule, 
has  not  only  a  greater  width,  but  also  has  its  mineral  con- 
tents more  perfectly  developed;  a  circumstance  which 
might  fairly  have  been  inferred  from  the  fact  that  those 
points  where  the  amygdaloid  occurs  most  largely,  may 
be  regarded  to  have  been  so  many  centres  of  intensity  of 
action,  at  the  time  of  the  original  uplift  of  the  range,  from 
which  circumstance  they  would  remain  in  a  softened  state, 
or  in  such  condition  as  to  admit  of  the  more  perfect  for- 
mation of  these  cross  veins  for  a  longer  space  of  time  af- 
ter that  condition  had  been  passed  at  other  points. 

In  the  outer  or  amygdaloid  portion  of  the  rock,  the  vein 
is  almost  invariably  accompanied  by  a  veinstone  of  quartz, 
iiivolving  all  the  varieties  before  mentioned,  as  associated 
with  the  trap  rocks,  which  quartz,  though  occasionally  it 
occurs  massive,  of  several  feet  in  width,  usually  appears 
in  the  shape  of  a  series  of  irregular  ramifying  and  branch- 
ing minor  veins,  that  may  be  said  to  constitute  the  main 
vein.  These  subordinate  veins  of  quartz,  which  may  be 
stated  as  the  true  veinstone,  vary  from  a  mere  line  to  se- 
veral inches  ill  thickness,  and  in  the  aggregate  they  may 
be  said  to  constitute  from  one-third  to  one-half  the  total 


53 

thickness  of  the  vein.  In  their  branches  and  ramifications, 
they  sometimes  include  portions  of  the  rock  which  they 
traverse,  at  other  times  they  embrace  imperfectly  formed 
steatite,  vi^ith  silicate,  carbonate  and  red  oxid  of  iron,* 
and  occasionally,  though  more  rarely,  it  is  associated  with 
carbonate  of  lime,  usually  assuming  the  form  of  an  opaque 
rhombic  spar. 

As  the  main  vein  traverses  the  conglomerate  and  over- 
laying rocks  to,  and  including  the  red  sandstone,  these 
veins,  as  a  general  rule,  undergo  still  farther  changes,  for 
very  soon  after  entering  the  conglomerate,  the  veinstone 
changes  from  its  quartzose  character,  and  is  made  up, 
either  wholly,  of  calcareous  matter,  mostly  rhomb  spar, 
or  of  this  mineral,  with  occasional  ramifications  of  quartz. 
The  whole  usually  including,  and  sometimes  investinrr 
fragments  of  the  conglomerate  or  the  pebbles  of  that  rock, 
separated. 

As  the  vein  is  continued  still  farther  in  the  direction  of 
and  into  the  red  sandstone,  these  changes  are  still  noticed, 
and  eventually  the  vein  is  found  to  be  composed  either  en- 
tirely or  mostly  of  calcareous  spar,  and  eventually  so  com- 
pletely is  its  metalliferous  character  lost,  that  it  would  not, 
if  examined  singly,  be  suspected  to  be  any  portion  of  a 
metalliferous  vein. 

The  metalliferous  character  of  these  veins  is  most 
largely  developed  almost  directly  at  or  near  the  line  of 
junction  of  the  trap  and  sedimentary  rocks,  and  they  rarely 
continue,  without  considerable  change,  for  a  greater  dis- 
tance than  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  a  mile,  on  either  side 
of  the  line,  though  a  few  veins  were  noticed  in  which,  in 
the  southerly  or  trap  extension,  the  character  of  the  vein 


*  The  latter  closely  resembling  the  Gossan,  of  the  Cornish  minew. 
5* 


54 


continued  for  a  distance  of  over  a  mile,  nearly  unchan- 
ged, while  in  its  passage  through  the  conglomerate,  for 
half  that  distance,  its  character  was  also  perfectly  pre- 
served. 

The  mineral  character  of  the  veins  is  somewhat  varied 
in  those  having  different  degrees  of  thickness,  though  it  is 
difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  lay  down  any  rule  which 
would  characterize  this  change.  The  different  veins  vary 
very  greatly  in  width,  ranging  from  a  mere  line  to  14  or 
15  feet,  the  greatest  observed  width  of  any  single  vein. 

In  the  descriptions  of  the  veins  given  above,  I  only  in- 
tend to  include  those  which  are  most  perfectly  developed ; 
for,  in  addition  to  these,  there  are  also  many  which  are  im- 
perfectly formed  and  short,  and  in  which  many  of  the 
above  characters  are  in  part  or  entirely  wanting.  These 
latter  are  usually  of  little  practical  importance,  and  thus 
far  have  been  comparatively  little  examined. 

Of  the  metallic  minerals  occurring  in  those  portions  of 
the  true  veins  which  traverse  the  trap  rocks,  together  with 
that  portion  of  the  conglomerate  immediately  resting  upon 
or  against  the  trap,  by  far  the  most  important  consists  of 
the  several  ores  of  copper,  with  which  iron  occurs  dis- 
seminated in  the  forms  before  described,  and  occasionally, 
though  very  rarely,  native  silver  has  been  detected,  asso- 
ciated in  the  same  vein.  After  as  minute  an  examination 
of  the  subject,  as  the  circumstances  will  permit,  I  am  led 
to  the  conclusion,  that  the  only  ores  of  the  metallic  mine- 
8,  occurring  in  those  portions  of  the  veins,  which  tra- 
verse  the  rocks  last  alluded  to,  which  can  reasonably  be 
hoped  to  be  turned  to  practical  account,  are  those  of  cop- 
per. 

In  these  portions   of  the    veins,  the  metal  referred   to, 
occurs  very  frequently  in  the  form  of  native  copper,  with 


55 

which  are  associated  the  red  oxid,  azure  carbonate,  gi-een 
carbonate,  and  more  rarely  what  may  be  denominated 
copper  black,  and  still  more  rarely,  pyritous  copper. 
None  of  these  have  been  noticed  in  acrystaline  form. 

It   must  not  be   imagined  that  these  several  minerals 
make  up  the  whole  or  even  any  very  considerable  portion 
of  the   entire  length  and  breadth   of  the  veins,  in  which 
they  occur,  for  they   are  distributed  in  bunches,    strings, 
and  comparatively  narrow  sub-veins,  in  a  manner  precise- 
ly analogous  to  that  in  which  these  ores    are  usually  dis- 
tributed, in  similar  rocks,  in  other  portions   of  the  globe. 
The  quartz  veinstone,  before    described,  has  always   so 
much  of  the  green  tinge  communicated  by   the  caibonate 
of  copper,  that  it  cannot  fail  to  be  detected ;  but  the  pre- 
sence of  disseminated  native  copper,  in  this  veinstone, 
would,  at  first,  hardly  be  suspected,  and  it  is  not  until  a 
fresh  fracture  has  been  made,  and  the  mineral  closely  ex- 
amined, that  the  numerous  dark  points  and  minute  threads 
are  discovered  to   be  copper  in  a  native  state.     Large 
portions  of  this    quartz   veinstone,   (when   the   included 
metal  can  scarcely  be  detected  by  the  naked  eye,)  when 
examined  with  a  glass,  are  found  to  contain  very  delicate 
threads  of  native  copper,  that  traverse  the  quartz  in  every 
possible  direction,  and   so  completely  is  this  latter  mine- 
ral bound  together,  that  it  is  fractured  with  difficulty,  and 
its  toughness  is  very  greatly  increased. 

The  specific  gravity  of  this  veinstone  is  very  consider- 
ably above  that  of  ordinary  quartz,  and  usually,  the  diifer- 
ence  is  so  considerable,  even  in  those  masses  where  the 
copper  can  scarcely  be  detected  by  the  naked  eye,  as  to 
be  apparent  to  even  the  most  careless  observer.  But  in 
addition  to  this  finely  disseminated  condition  of  the  native 
copper  in  the  veinstone,  it  is  also  disseminated  in  a  similar 


5$ 

manner  through    the  rocky  matter  embraced  by  the  vein- 
stone and  in  the  amygdaloid  and  conglomerate  portions  of 
the  rocks,  it  sometimes  extends,  for  a  distance  of  from  two 
to  three  feet  into  the  rocky  matter  on  either  side  of  the 
veins,  sometimes  completely,  or  in  part,  filling  the  cells  of 
the  amygdaloid  rock.  . 

The  conditions  above  described  refer  to  the  main  por- 
tions of  the  veins  only,  while  there  are  other  portions  in 
which  the  copper  appears  to  be   concentrated   in  larger 
masses,  constituting  bunches   and   strings,    and  in  which 
2)laces    the  sides   or  walls    of  the   veins    are  sometimes 
wholly  made  up  of  thin  plates  of  native  copper.     In  these 
portions    of  the  metalliferous    veins  where  the  metal  ap- 
pears, as  it  were,  to  be  concentrated,  it  also  occurs,  much 
in  the  form  before  described,  except  thai,  the  masses  of 
metal  vary  from  the  merest  speck  to  that  of  several  pounds 
weight.     In  opening  one  of  these  veins,  at  a  concentrated 
point,  the  observer,   unless  he  had  previously  examined 
other  portions  of  the  vein,  would  be  led  to  erroneous  con- 
clusions as  to  its  richness,  a  source   of  error  which  cannot 
be  too  strongly  guarded  against;  for  while  the  vein,  for 
a  short  distance,  may  be  found  to  be  exceedingly  rich  in 
mineral,  the  mineral  in  another   portion  of  the  vein  may 
either  wholly  or  in  part  disappear,  a  condition  which  is 
similar  to  that   observed  in  those  veins   of  copper  that 
have  been  extensively  worked  and  found  to  be  most  pro- 
ductive, on  the  continent  of  Europe    and  the  island  of 
Great  Britain. 

The  excess  of  native  copper,  (compared  with  the  other 
ores,)  which  occurs,  in  these  portions  of  the  veins,  is  a  pe- 
culiar feature,  for  it  maybe  said,  in  truth,  that  other  ores 
are  of  rare  occuiTence.  In  those  portions  of  the  veins 
traversing  the   trap,  and  where  other  ores  do  occur,  it  is 


57 

usually  under  such  circumstances  as  to  favor  the  pre- 
sumption that  their  origin  is  chiefly  from  that  which  was 
previously  in  a  native  form;  for  the  carbonates  and  oxids, 
almost  invariably  appear  either  investing  the  native  cop- 
per, or  intimately  associated  with  it,  though  they  some- 
times appear  in  distinct  sub-veins.  Pyritous  copper  is 
so  rare,  in  connection  with  the  trappean  portions  of  the 
veins,  as  scarcely  to  deserve  notice. 

I  have  already  stated  that  native  silver,  occasionally, 
though  very  rarely,  occurs  in  the  trappean  portions  of 
these  veins,  intimately  associated  with  the  copper,  but  it 
is  in  so  minute  quantities  as  to  render  it  probable  that  it 
will  not  prove  of  any  practical  importance.  Other  mixed 
compounds  of  this  metal  occur  so  rarely  as  scarcely  to  de- 
serve notice. 

Leaving  the  trap  rock,  the  character  of  these  veins,  as 
they  traverse  the  conglomerate,  undergoes  important 
changes;  for  not  only  does  the  veinstone  become  gradual- 
ly changed,  from  quartz  to  calcareous  spar,  but  the  amount 
of  native  copper  diminishes,  and  its  place  is  either  sup- 
plied wholly  or  in  part  by  ores  of  zinc  and  calcareous  spar, 
or  wholly  by  this  latter  mineral.  There  are,  however, 
occasional  exceptions  to  this  general  rule,  for  occasionally 
the  place  of  the  native  copper  in  the  veins,  in  their  pas- 
sage through  the  conglomerate,  is  supplied  by  a  variety  of 
complex  compounds  of  the  same  metal,  which  compounds 
are  of  exceeding  interest ;  but  this  change  would  appear 
always'to  be  intimately  connected  with,  or  to  bear  some  re- 
lation to,  the  dykes  of  trap  which  traverse  the  conglomer- 
ate rock.  Several  instances  of  this  kind  were  noticed  upon 
the  northerly  side  of  Keewenaw  Point,  either  directly  up- 
on or  near  to  the  coast,  as  also  at  several  other  places  in 
the  interior,  westerly  from  Keewenaw  Point.     A  vein, 


68 

which  may  without  doubt  be  referred  to  as  one  of  this 
character,  (though  in  consequence  of  intervening  bays  and 
lakes  between  it  and  the  ranges  to  the  south,  its  connection 
with  the  main  range  has  not  been  seen,)  will  serve  to  illus- 
trate the  character  referred  to. 

This  vein,  which  reaches  the  immediate  coast  of  the 
lake,  upon  the  easterly  cape  of  the  bay  known  to  the  voya- 
gers as  the  Grande  Marrais  of  Keewenaw  Point,*  ter- 
minates, so  far  as  examinations  can  be  made,  in  the  coarse 
conglomerate  rock.  The  coast  of  the  lake,  for  many  miles 
on  either  side,  is  made  up  of  abrupt  cliffs  of  a  similar  rock, 
Es  usual,  being  made  up  of  coarse  rolled  pebbles  of  trap, 
chiefly  cemented  with  calcareous  matter,  which  is  usually 
associated,  more  or  less,  with  the  red  oxyd  of  iron.  Im- 
mediately south  of  the  coast,  a  heavy  dyke  of  trap  tra- 
verses the  conglomerate,  which  dyke  corresponds  in  posi- 
tion with  the  line  of  bearing  and  dip  of  the  conglomerate 
rock. 

The  vein,  which,  at  its  termination  upon  the  immediate 
coast  of  the  lake,  has  an  extreme  width  of  about  10  feet, 
maybe  traced,  in  the  bed  of  the  lake,  in  a  direction  north 
50  east,  for  a  distance  of  several  rods,  after  which,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  depth  of  water,  it  is  completely  lost.  This 
vein,  at  the  point  where  it  appears  upon  the  coast,  may  be 
said  to  be  in  a  concentrated  state,  or  in  a  condition  analo- 
gous to  that  before  described,  where  the  native  copper 
occurs  in  the  condition  of  bunches  and  strings,  though  the 
condition  in  which  the  metallic  minerals  occur  is  essentially 
different  from  that  in  the  trap  ;  for,  instead  of  native  cop- 
per, we  have  several  mixed  forms  of  the  green  and  blue 
carbonates  of  copper  and  copper  black,  more  or  less  inti- 

*Copper  Harbor,  % 


69 


mately  associiated  with  calcareous  spar,  and  in  the  adjoin- 
ing rock,  and  in  small  ramifying  veins,  occasional  small 
specks  and  masses  of  native  copper,  weighing  from  1  to  3 
ounces,  occur,  but  these  are  by  no  means  abundant.  No 
quartz  occurs  as  a  veinstone,  and  none  of  the  ores  have 
been  noticed  in  a  crystaline  form. 

It  has  already  been  stated,  that  these  true  veins,  in  tra- 
versing the  conglomerate,  frequently  almost  lose  their 
character,  and  it  becomes  difficult  to  define  their  absolute 
width,  or  in  other  words,  it  would  appear  as  if,  at  the  time 
of  the  formation  of  the  veins,  the  conglomerate  had  not 
been  perfectly  cemented,  the  result  of  which  would  be, 
that  the  mineral  matter,  which,  under  other  circumstan- 
ces, would  constitute  a  perfect  vein,  would  frequently  ap- 
pear in  only  an  imperfect  one,  or  the  mineral  which  would 
under  other  circumstances,  make  up  the  vein  itself,  may 
have  been  injected  laterally  through  the  interstices  of  the 
rolled  masses  constituting  the  conglomerate,  in  which  case 
the  mineral  would,  in  fact,  take  the  place  of  the  ordinary 
cement,  thus  simply  investing  the  pebbles  of  the  conglom- 
erate. Now,  although  at  the  point  under  consideration, 
a  wide  and  remarkable  distinct  vein  is  developed,  the 
rock,  for  many  feet  on  either  side,  has  the  interstices  be- 
tween the  pebbles  filled  wholly,  or  in  part,  with  various 
mixed  and  irregular  forms  of  the  ores,  accompanied  by 
calcareous  matter,  as  before  stated,  and  witli  occasional 
specks  and  small  masses  of  native  copper. 

Those  veins  traversing  the  conglomerate  take  on  a  simi- 
lar character,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  rather  frequently, 
but  the  place  of  the  copper  is  more  usually  supplied  by 
the  siliceous  oxyd,  and  more  rarely  by  the  carbonate  of 
zinc,  which  compounds,  sometimes  may  be  seen  forming 
a  perfect  or  partial  cement  to  the  rock,  for  considerable 


CO 

distances  on  cither  side  of  the  main  vein.     These  ores  of 
zinc,  like  those  of  copper,  are  uniformly  amorphous,  and 
almost  invariably  more  or  less  associated  with  some  form 
of  carbonate  of  lime,  with  which  they  may,  under  some 
circumstances,  unless  closely  examined,  be  confounded. 

Although  these  co])per  and  zinc  ores  occasionally  ap- 
pear in  considerable  quantities,  in  those  portions  of  the 
veins  traversing  the  conglomerate,  they  usually  embrace 
or  simply  incrust  portions  of  the  rocky  matter;  or  rather 
the  rocky  matter  and  those  orfes  appear  to  be  coarsely  and 
mechanically  mixed.  These  veins  furnish  beautiful  cabi- 
net  specimens  of  the  blue  and  green  carbonates  of  copper, 
and  more  rarely  of  pyritous  copper,  together  with  the 
other  varieties  mentioned. 

Having  already  devoted  a  larger  space  to  the  conside- 
ration of  these  veins  than  had  been  intended,  I  will  simply 
add,  that  in  pursuing  their  course  northerly,  across  the 
mixed  rock  and  the  red  sandrock,  their  mineral  character 
18  nearly  or  quite  lost,  the  veins  as  before  stated,  beincr 
made  up  either  entirely  of  calcareous  spar,  or  of  that  ma'^ 
terial  containing  very  meagre  ores  or  zinc. 

The  district  of  country  to  which  these  veins  have  been 
referred,  thus  far,  only  comprises  the  ranges  of  hills  south 
of  Lake  Superior,  but  veins  of  a  very  similar  character, 
and  of  similar  i^ineral  contents,  also  occur  upon  Isle  Roy- 
ale.     The  order  and  changes  in  the  character  of  the  veins 
upon  Isle  Royale  is  necessarily  reversed,  or  in  other  words, 
the  southerly  point  of  the  vein  corresponds  to  that  of  the 
north  point  in  the  district  south  of  Lake  Superior.     The 
mineral  veins  of  Isle  Royale  have  not  been  examined 
with  sufficient  care  to  enable  me  to  determine  with  much 
certainty,  their  average  width  or  value.     Those  examined 
were  mostly  narrow,  the  widest  not  exceeding  eighteen 


01 

inches;  but  in  these  the  mineral  contents  are  essentially 
the  same  as  m  those  upon  the  south  aide  of  the  lake 

Native  copper,  iu  very  thin  plates,  was  occasionally  no- 
ticed,  occupying  irregularly  the  joints  of  the  compact 
greenstone  of  Isle  Royale,  but  invariably  in  compara- 
tively small  quantities.  It  should,  however,  be  noticed  of 
Isle  Royale,  that  the  veins,  so  far  as  examined,  are  less 
perfectly  developed  in  their  passage  across  the  conglome- 
rate  and  that  they  very  rarely  contain  any  traces  of  zinc 

Upon  the  north  shore  of  the  Lake,  no  attention  was  gi- 
ven to  the  subject  of  mineral  veins,  but,  from  the  character 
of  the  geology  of  that  district,  it  may  be  inferred  that  they 
will  also  be  found  in  portions  of  it,  and  that,  where  thev 
do  occur,  they  will  bo  uniformly  either  directly  upon  or 
not  far  from  the  coast  of  the  Lake. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  veins  already  described  irre- 
gular  venis  fre.iuently  occur,  traversing  the  whole,  or  por- 
tions of  the  outliers  of  trap,  or  those  knobs  which  appear 
to  have  been  elevated  singly  j  and,  although  these  veins 
may,  without  doubt,  be  referred  to  the  same  epoch  as  the 
regular  veins  before  described,  they  nevertheless  fre- 
quently differ  considerably  in  mineral  contents. 

The  limits  of  the  present  report  will  not  permit  a  sepa- 
rate description  of  these  several  distinct  trap  knobs.  I 
will,  therefore,  confine  my  remarks  to  that  already  refer- 
red to,  as  occurring  upon  the  south  coast  of  Lake  Superior 
immediately  northwest  from  Riviere  Du  Mort,  and  which 
forms  the  promontory  known  as  Presque  Isle. 

In  nearly  all  those  portions  of  this  knob,  where  the  trap 
conglomerate  and  sandstone,  are  exposed  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  permit  examination,  each  of  the  rocks  are  seen 
to  bo  traversed  by  innumerable  irregular  ramifying  veins 
which  in  the  sandstones  are  made  up  of  quartzose  and' 

6 


62 

calcareous  matter ;  but  mapy  of  which,  near  th^  junction 
of  the  igneous  and-  sedimentary  rocks,  are  metalliferous, 
and  this  metalliferous  character  is  more  fully  developed  as 
the  veins  are  extended  into  the  trap  rocks. 

The  metalliferous  portion  of  these  veins,  rarely  exceed 
three  to  four  inches  in  vv^idth,   and  they  ramify  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  mineral  uniformly  occupies  situations  simi- 
lar to  bunches  or  strings,  at  the  junction  of  the  ramifica- 
tions.    The  minerals  contained  in  the  metalliferous  por- 
tions of  the  veins,  are  sulphuret  and  carbonate  of  lead, 
earthy  green  carbonate  of  copper,  pyritous  iron,  and  more 
rarely,  pyritous  copper.    Occasionally  there  is  a  quartzose, 
or  mixed  quartzose  and  calcareous  veinstone ;  but  more 
usually  the  several  metallic  minerals  are  blended  in  a  base 
of  rocky  matter.     The  sulphuret  of  lead  is  distributed  in 
the  form  of  small  cubic  crystals,  while  the  other  metallic 
minerals  are  usually  distributed  either  in  in-egular  masses, 
or  investing  portions  of  the  rocky  matter.     These  associ- 
ations  are  referred  to,  as  showing  the  character  which 
these  irregular  veins   assume,  rather  than  from  any  sup- 
posed value  which  they  may  possess  for  practical  pur- 
poses. 

In  addition  to  the  minerals  referred  to,  the  trap  of 
Presque  Isle  occasionally  contains  asbestus,  common  ser- 
pentine and  imperfect  agates ;  the  two  former  minerals 
usually  occupying  the  narrow  joints  of  the  rock. 

Before  referring  to  the  economical  considerations  con- 
nected with  the  veins  which  have  been  described,  I  will 
briefly  refer  to  another  situation  in  which  the  ores  of  cop- 
per have  been  observed  in  intimate  connection  with  the 
trap  range  of  rocks. 

The  southerly  side,  or  greenstone  portion  of  the  trap 
range,  appears  to  have  been  elevated  in  such  a  manner  as 


68 


the 


to  have  caused  but  Httle  disturbance  to  the  sandrock  lying 
between  that  and  the  range  of  simply  altered  rocks  lying 
still  farther  to  the  south ;  but  near  to  the  junction  of  the 
sandrock  and  greenstone,  there  is  usually  a  red  slate  rest- 
ing against  the  trap,  and  which  may  be  said  to  fill  up,  in 
a  measure,  the  irregularities  in  the  ranges  of  hills.     This 
slate,  which  is  sometimes  seen  of  100  to  200  feet  in  thick- 
ness, though  usually  it  appears  as  a  mere  band,  is  traversed 
by  irregular  and  imperfect  veins,  of  what  may  be  denomi- 
nated a  ferruginous  steatite,  containing  placentiform  mas- 
ses of  greasy  and  milkish  quartz,  that  sometimes  contain 
more  or  less  of  the  ores  of  copper.     The  earthy  carbon- 
ates of  copper  are  also  sometimes  so  intimately  connected 
with  these  veins  of  steatitic  matter,  as  at  rirst  to  be  scarcely 
recognized.    More  rarely,  distinct,  very  thin  veins  of  green 
carbonate  of  copper  occur,  well   characterized,  in  this 
red  slate,  though  these  veins  are  never  of  any  great  length. 
The  red  shale  extends,  more  or  less  perfectly,  along  the 
whole  length  of  the  trap  range,  skirting  that  range  of  hills 
upon  the  south,  but  I  have  not  yet  been  enabled  to  devote 
sufficient  time  to  its  examination   to  enable  me  to  de- 
termine whether  any  portions  of  these  veins  can  be  regard- 
ed as  of  practical  importance.     The  examinations  which 
have  been  made,  would  lead  me  to  look  unfavorably  upon 
these  veins,  and  I  regard  them  as  having  an  origin  com- 
pletely distinct  from  that  of  the  veins  which  traverse  the 
northerly  escarpment  of  the  trap  rock. 

Having  thus  considered  all  the  general  circumstances 
under  which  the  several  ores  of  copper,  zinc,  lead,  iron, 
manganese  and  silver  have  been  noticed,  in  connection 
with  the  trap  rock  and  the  sedimentary  rocks,  immediately 
resting  upon  it,  it  becomes  important  to  consider  how  far 
inferences  may  be  drawn  from  these  examinations,  as  to 


ff.V 


64 

tiieir  occurrence  in  such  quantities  as  to  be  of  practical 
importance.  I  have  already  stated  that  so  far  as  regards 
the  ores  of  lead,  iron,  manganese  and  silver,  I  am  lead  to 
conclude  that  at  none  of  the  points  examined  do  they  oc- 
cur m  veins,  or  otherwise,  sufficiently  developed  to  war- 
rant  favorable  conclusions  as  to  their  existence  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  be  made  available,  and  from  all  that  is  now 
known  of  the  country,  I  am  led  to  infer  that  neither  of 
these,  unless  it  be  iron,  will  be  so  found  * 

The  examinations  which  have  thus  far  been  made  of 
those  portions  of  the  veins  containing  ores  of  zinc,  have 
not  been  extended  sufficiently  to  enable  me  to  detennine 
with  much  satisfaction,  their  extent  as  a  whole.  At  seve- 
ral points  in  the  veins  these  ores  are  sufficiently  abundant 
to  admit  of  being  profitably  worked,  but  I  would  be  un- 
willing, from  an  examination  of  a  few  points,  to  attempt 
to  determine  the  character  of  the  whole. 

In  considering  the  practical  value  of  the  copper  ores  of 
the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan,  where  we  are  as  yet 
compelled  to  judge  from  our  examination,  of  what  may  be 
said  to  be  the  simply  superficial  portions  of  the  veins,  we 
can  arrive  at  no  safe  conclusions,  except  by  comparison  of 
the  district  with  those  districts  .  similarly  situated,    which 
have  been  extensively  worked  in  other  portions  of  the 
globe.     Comparisons  of  this  character,  to  be  really  use- 
ful, must  necessarily  be  sufficiently  minute  to  enable  us  to 
understand  the  relations  which  the  ores  in  the  districts 
compared,  bear  to  each  other,   in  all  respects,  which  cir- 
cumstances render  it  necessary  that  a  degree  of  minute 
information  should  be   at  hand,  that  is  not  at  all  times  to 


#'^r 


These  remarks  fire  intended  to  apply  directly  to  iho  trap  rcirion.  Beds 
ot  bog-  iron  ore  occur,  etv^t  from  Cliocolate  river,  which  probablv  may  at 
some  fufure  day  be  profitably  worked.  ^  .Y.'""y  a» 


65 


be  obtained.     As  the  information  on  hand,  with  respect 
to  the  c^  oper  and  tin  veins  of  Cornwall,  England,  is  more 
mmute     an  that  of  any  mineral  district  known,  I  propose, 
ni  order  to  avoid  confusion,  to  confine   my  comparison  to 
this   district,  simply,  premising  that  however  closely,  the 
two  districts  may  resemble  each  other  in  character,  it  does 
not  follow,  as  an  axiom,  that  because  the  district  with 
which  we  compare  our  own  has  been  largely  and  profita- 
bly productive,  that    of  Michigan   must  necessarily  be  so 
too ;   for  it  will  be  seen,  as  the    subject  is  pursued,  that 
there  are  not  only  several  points  in  which  it  is  impossible 
with  our  present  knowledge  of  that  of  Michigan,    to  in- 
stitute comparisons,  but  there  are  also  some  points  on 
which  there  is  a  considerable  degree  of  discrepancy. 

The  comparison  instituted,  in  the  main,  is  intended  to 
refer  rather  to  the  character  and  contents  of  the  mineral 
veins  of  the  two  districts  than  to  the  geology,  although 
some  general  reference  becomes  necessary  to  the  geology 
of  the  districts,  to  render  the  comparison  perfect.  The 
topography  of  the  Cornish  district  bears  a  close  resem- 
blance to  that  of  Michigan,  both  districts  being  marked  bv 
their  irregular  and  broken  outline,  and  by  the  occurrence 
of  more  or  less  frequent,  nearly  insulated  knobs,  rising  to 
a  considerable  height  above  the  elevation  of  the  general 
ranges. 

Although  the  older  rock  of  Cornwall,  or  that  from  which 
the  metalliferous  veins  of  the  district  may  be  said  to  have 
their  origin,  is  more  distinctly  granitic  than  that  of  the  me- 
talliferous region  upon  Lake  Superior,  the  elements  of 
which  the  rocks  are  composed,  may  be  regarded  as  essen- 
— 1..J  ^--fs — Q  a.  r^iy  ciOov;  icsciiiuiuiict; ,"  a  iusemoiance 
which,  it  is  conceived,  would  have  been  still  more  perfect 
had  the  granitic  rocks  of  Cornwall  been  subjected  to  the 
6* 


r 

I 


66 

action  of  secondary  causes  similar  to  those  of^the  region 
under  consideration.  TiiC  rocks  resting  upon  or  against 
the  granitic  rocks  of  Coniwall,  consist  of  clay  slates, 
hornblende  rocks,  «&c.,  which  bear  httle  real  analogy  to  the 
rocks  resting  directly  upon  the  trap  of  Lake  Superior, 
but  it  is  conceived  that  the  composition  of  these  upper 
rocks  has  little  bearing  upon  the  origin  of  the  metalliferous 
veins,  and  may  be  regarded  as  in  a  measure  unimportant ; 
and  however  much  these  rocks  may  differ,  they  are  tra- 
versed alike  by  the  metalliferous  veins  of  the  lower  rocks 
in  such  a  manner,  that  the  close  resemblance  cannot  be 
mistaken. 

It  is  a  matter  of  history  that  the  ores  of  tin  have  been, 
more  or  less,  extensively  raised  in  the  mineral  district  of 
Cornwall,  from  the  earliest  settlement  of  the  island   of 
Great  Britain,  but   the  working  of  the  veins  of  copper  at 
an  early  day,  does  not  appear  to  have  been  carried  on  to 
any  very  considerable  extent.     The  great  importance  to 
which  the  produce  of  copper  from  the  Cornish  veins,  (in 
a  district  which,  compared  with  the  mineral  district  of  our 
own  state,  is  of  very  small  dimensions,)    has  arisen,  will 
be  shown  from  the  accompanying  table,  which  I  have  re- 
duced from    the  official  returns,    included   in    the  several 
years,  and  which  table,  it  will  be  seen,  shows   for  a  series 
of  years,  the  average  annual  amount  of  copper  produced 
from  the  ore,  the  average  amount  of  which  it  sold,  togeth- 
er with   the  amount  per  cent  of  copper  contained  in  the 
ore,  and  the  average  value   of  the  copper,  per  pound,  at 
the  smelting  house.     This  table,  which  has  been  drawn 
with  great  care,  from  data  that  can  scarcely  lead  to  incor- 
rect results,  will  not  only  serve   to  show  the  large  aggre- 
gate amount  of  the   metal  produced,  but  it  also   shows, 
from  the  low  average  per  cent  of  metal  contained  in  the 


67 


ores,  (if  we  had  no  further  knowledge  upon  the  subject,) 
that  much  capital  must  be  required  for,  and  a  large  amount 
of  labor  applied  to  the  raising  and  smelting  of  these  ores; 
a  circumstance  which  should  be  carefully  bonie  in  mind, 
in  all  that  relates  to  the  mineral  district  of  Michigan. 

Tabic  showing  the  average  annual  jrroducc  of  the  Copper 
mines  of  the  County  of  Cornwall,  England,  from  1771, 
to  1822. 


Years. 


p  o 

a   o 


'A    ^ 

o  ^5  u 
*^   o   ^ 

O    Ph  >. 

o   ■-   o 


I  ^^ 


3 

o 

s 


5-3 


O    O    Ct' 
.  I— I    o 

£  J-  S 


1771  to  1775 — 5  years 

177()  to  1780  .5  " 

1731  to  1780  (')  " 

179ti  to  1802  7  " 

I80:i  to  1807  5  " 

1808  to  1812  5  " 

18 1:5  to  1817  5  '' 

1818  to  1822  5  " 


28,749 
27,580 
34,354 

51,483 
70,<;23 
70,434 
82,610 
94,391 


o 

>  2  cT 


3,449 
3.309 
4,122 

5,195 
(),1()0 
fi,498 
7,272 

7,757 


$810,283 
82G,fJ09 
902,330 

2.125,040 
3,174,725 
2,880,835 
2,878,723 
3.111,811 


12 
12 

12 

10 

o 
(> 

9 

8  8 
8  2 


6'.  m. 

10  9 

11  1 
10  4 

18  2 
23 

12  9 
17  0 
17  9 


The  general  resemblance  in  the  mineral  contents  of  the 
copper  veins  of  Cornwall  and  those  of  Michigan,  is  for 
the  most  part  very  great,  though  in  some  respects  there  is 
a  considerable  discrepancy.  It  should,  however,  be  re- 
marked, that  some  difficulty  exists  in  comparing  the  mine- 
ral veins  of  Cornwall,  where  several  of  them  have  been 
worked  to  depths  varying  from  1,000  to  1,500  feet,  with 
those  of  Michigan,  where  the  exanrnations  are  nearly  su- 
perficial. 

In  making  these  deep  excavations,  not  only  in  the  county 
of  Cornwall,  but  also  in  the  cotiper  districts  of  Bohemia, 
Hungary,  Silesia,  Transylvania,  Saxony,  &c.  (some  of  the 
veins  in  the   latter  districts  having  been  explored  to   a 


68 

depth  very  considerably  greater  than  those  of  Cornwall,) 
an  immense  mass  of  facts  has  been  accumulated,  with  re- 
spect to  the  general  formation  and  mineral  character  of 
veins,  or  lodes  of  copper,  which  facts  have  led  to  an  under- 
standing of  many  of  the  contingencies  connected  with  its 
associations,  so  universal,  that,  when  applied  to  this  mine- 
ral, they  may  be  regarded  as  general  laws,  that  may  fairly 
be  inferred  to  govern,  with  more  or  less  certainty,  all  those 
lodes  or  veins   which  have  similar  geological  relations. 
Though  a  general  consideration  of  those  relations  of  the 
veins  of  other  countries,  may,  perhaps,  be  regarded  as 
somewhat  foreign  to  the  present  report,  I  deem  it  more 
advisable  to  refer  to  these  general  laws  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  leave  the  reader  to  judge,  by  comparison,  the  condi- 
tion in  which  the  oros  of  Michigan  may  be  fairly  inferred 
to  occur,  rather  than  to  draw  conclusions  directly ;  and,  in 
so  doing,  it  will  also  become  necessary  to  refer  to  some  of 
the  characters  of  mineral  veins,  or  lodes,  in  general. 

Veins  are  usually  divided  into  two  general  orders,  vi? : 
"  cd^tempora?icous  vei9is,  or  those  which  were  formed  at  the 
same  time  as  the  containing  rock,  and  true  veins,  whose 
formation  is  supposed  to  be  subsequent  to  that  of  the 
rocks  which  are  contiguous  to  them."  A  true  vein  may  be 
defined  to  be  "  the  mineral  contents  of  a  vertical  or  in- 
clined fissure,  nearly  straight,  and  of  indefinite  length  and 
depth."*  The  contents  of  a  true  vein,  as  a  general  rule, 
differ  widely  from  the  character  of  the  rocks  which  it  in- 
tersects, though  this  does  not  invariably  hold  good,  and 
the  vein  also,  as  a  general  rule,  has  well  defined  walls. 

The  contents  of  cotemporaneous  veins,  bear  a  much 
closer  resemblance  to  the  rocks  which  embrace  them,  and 


Caine,  on  the  mineral  vein .  of  Cornwall. 


69 


as  a  general  rule,  they  are  shorter,  more  crooked,  and  less 
perfectly  defined  than  true  veins. 

The  metalliferous  veins  being  contained  under  the  head 
of  true  veins,  it  is  to  these  that  the  whole  of  my  remarks 
will  be  directed. 

Metallic  veins  are  the  repositories  of  most  of  the  metals 
excepting  iron,  manganese  and  chrome,  which  occur  more 
frequently  and  abundantly  in  beds  than  in  veins.     The 
thickness  of  metallic  veins  varies  from  a  few  inches  to 
many  feet,  and  the  same  vein  also  varies  in  thickness  in 
different  parts  of  its  course,  sometimes  contracting  to  a 
narrow  string  of  ore,  and  then  expanding  again  to  a  width 
of  many  feet.     The  deposites  of  metal  in  the  veins  are  as 
iiTegular  as  the  widths  of  them,  and  so  much  so  as  to  ren- 
der the  profits  of  mining  proverbially  uncertain.     Ore  is 
generally  found  to  occupy  certain  portions  of  the  veins 
only,  differing  constantly  in  extent,  whether  the  length  or 
depth  on  the  course  of  the  vein  be  considered,  or  the  por- 
tion of  its  width  which  is  filled  up  by  it.     No  veins  occur 
which  are  regularly  impregnated  with  metal  to  any  great 
extent,  and  when  ore  is  found,  it  is  in  what  the  miners 
aptly  term  bunches  or  shoots,  or  in  interspersed  grains  and 
strings,  which  are  more  or  less  connected  with,  or  embra- 
ced in,  veinstone,  that,  according  to  the  rock  which  the 
veins  intersect,  will  be  fluor  spar,  calcareous  spar,  quartz, 
&c.     The  unproductive  parts  of  veins,  even  in  the  most 
profitable  mines,  generally  far  exceed  in  extent  the  pro- 
ductive parts,  but  that  mine  is  considered  to  be  rich  which 
has  either  frequent  or  extensive  shoots  of  ore,  and  the 
great  art  of  the  miner  consists  in  tracing  and  working  the 
valuable  accumulations  of  the  metals,  with  as  little  waste 
of  labor  and  expense  on  the  poorer  portions  of  tlie  veins 
as  possible.     "  In  the  mines  of  Cornwall,  the  ores  of  cop- 


% 


70 

per  and  tin  commonly  occur  in  detached  masses,  which  are 
called, bunches  of  ore;  and  the  other  parts  of  the  vein, 
being  unproductive,  are  called  deads." 

The  depth  to  which  metalhc  veins  descend  is  unknown, 
for  we  believe  no  instance  has  occurred  of  a  considerable 
vein  being  worked  out  in  depth,  though  it  may  sink  too  deep 
to  render  the  operation  of  the  miner  profitable,  or  it  may 
branch  off  in  a  number  of  strings  which  are  too  much  in- 
termixed with  the  rock  to  be  worked  to  advantage  *  Some 
veins  appear  to  grow  wider,  while  others  contract  as  they 
descend. 

The  superficial  part  of  a  vein  generally  contains  the  ore 
in  a  decomposing  state,  and  it  frequentlyhappens  that  the 
ores  in  the  upper  and  lower  parts  of  a  vein  are  different ; 
thus,  ''  in  Cornwall,  blende  or  sulphuret  of  zhic  often  oc- 
cupies the  uppermost  part  of  the  vein,  to  which  succeeds 
tmstone,  and  at  a  greater  depth,  copper  pyrites."     When 
a  metallic  vein,  in  its  descent,  passes  through  different 
kinds  of  rock,  it  is  frequently  observed  that  the  products 
of  the  vein  vary  in  each  bed,  and  when  it  passes  through 
regularly  stratified  beds  of  the  same  rock,  there  are  par- 
ticular strata  in  which  the  vein  is  always  found  most  pro- 
ductive.    This  change  in  the  productiveness  of  mineral 
veins  is  more  particularly  noticed  at  or  near  to  the  transition 
from  unstratified  to  stratified  rocks ;  thus,  granite,  syenite 
and  those  rocks  which  have  a  gianiti-form  structure,  are 
frequently  noticed  to  contain  metals  at  or  near  their  junc- 
tion with  stratified  formations.     On  the  other  hand,  the 
veins  which  traverse  stratified  rocks  are,  as*  a  general  law, 
more  metalhferous  near  such  junctions,  than  in  other  por- 
tions.! 


a 


Koenig. 


t  Lyell.     Necker. 


71 


por- 


Wherc  a  rock  is  ci'ossed  and  penetrated  by  a  great  num- 
ber of  small  veins  in  every  direction,  the  whole  mass  is 
sometimes  worked  as  an  ore,  and  is  called  by  the  Germans 
a  *•  stockworke.'  Where  the  ore  is  disseminated  in  par- 
ticles through  the  rock,  such  rocks  are  also  worked  for  the 
ore,  when  its  exists  in  sufficient  quantity. 

As  a  general  rule,  those  metals  which  are  oxidable  at 
ordinary  temperatures,  or  which  readily  combine  with 
sulphur,  rarely  occur  in  a  metallic  state,  but  are  ufually 
found  in  combination  either  with  sulphur,  oxygen  or  acids. 
The  chief  ore  of  copper  raised  from  the  mines  of  Corn- 
wall, is  the  yellow  sulphuret,  though  the  blue  and  green 
carbonates  and  arseniate  are  more  or  less  distributed ;  na- 
tive copper  and  the  oxids  are  also,  though  more  rarely, 
found. 

By  a  comparison  of  what  has  been  said  upon  the  char- 
acter and  mineral  contents  of  metallic  veins  in  general,  I 
trust  a  just  view  of  the  real  condition  in  which  the  ores  of 
copper  are  invariably  found,  will  have  been  conveyed,  and 
that,  by  the  aid  of  this,  we  will  be  enabled  to  examine, 
without  undue  expectations,  those  mineral  veins  which 
occur  within  the  limits  of  our  own  state.  In  the  main  the 
resemblance  between  the  character  and  contents  of  the 
copper  veins  of  Cornwall  and  Michigan,  so  far  as  can  be 
determined,  is  close;  the  veinstones,  (with  the  exception 
of  fluor,  which  I  have  never  observed  in  the  latter,)  are 
essentially  the  same;  but  in  instituting  this  comparison,  it 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  metallic  veins  of"  Corn- 
wall have  been  in  jDrogress  of  exploration  for  centuries, 
and  that  shafts  and  galleries  have  been  carried  to  great 
depths,  while  of  those  of  Michigan,  simply  superficial  ex- 
ammations  have  as  yet  been  made,  and  these  in  a  wilder- 
ness country,  under  circumstances  of  the  utmost  embar- 


72 

rassment,  a„,l  attended  with  the  utmoM  excessive  labor 
privation  and  suffering. 

In  respect  to  the  character  of  the  ores  which  occur  in 
the  two  districts,  there  are  important  differences,  for  while 
pyritous  copper  is  the  most  important  workable  ore,  not 
only  ■„  the  Cornish  mi:.„s.  but  also  in  those  of  other  por- 
K>ns  of  our  globe,  it  is  co,i.p.ratively  of  rare  occurrence 
m  the  mineral  district  of  Upper  Michigan ;  for,  as  I  have 
already  mentioned,  the  mineral  of  the  trappean  portions 
of  the  veins  in  the  latter  district,  is  ess...-:  ,lly  made  up  of 
strings,  specks  and  hunches  of  native  copper,  with  which 
more  or  less  of  the  oxids  and  carbonates  are  associated ; 
while  those  portions  of  the  veins  traversing  the  conglom' 
crate  are  characterised  by  the  occurrence  of  the  oxids  and 
carbonates,  with  occasional  metallic  and  pyritous  copper 
or    the  places  of  all  these   are  suppHed  by  ores  of^in  ' 
associated  with    more  or  less  calcareous  matter.     I„  ,hj 
thin  minera^l  veins  of  Presque   Isle,  pyritous  copper  i 
more  abundant,  where  it  is  associated  with  sulphLet  of 
lead,  as  before  mentioned. 

The  occurrence  of  this  native  copper  in  the  veins,  and 
the  manner  m  which  it  is  associated  with  the  veinst;nes 

of  the  other  forms  of  ores,  in  those  veins  that  have  been 
extensive^  worked  in  other  portions  of  the   globe;  but  1 
confess  that   the  preponderance  of  nativ.  to  the   other 
orms  of  copper,  was  regarded  as  an  unfavorable  indica- 
.on,  at  least  until  this  had  been  found  to  be  more  or  less 
universal  with  respect  to  all  the  veins.    It  should,  however 
be  remarked    ,   at  in  those  portions  of  the   veins  where 
the  quart,  of  the  vein  and  the  accompanying  rock  are 
very  compact,  the  native  form  is  much  more  common  tlian 


J 


73 

in  those  portions  where  the  veinstone  and  accompanying 
rock  are  more  or  less  cellular  and  soft.  * 

The  work.,!  copper  veins  of  Cornwall,  are  stated  by  a 
Mr  Cai-ne,  to  average  from  three  to  four  feet  in  width 
and  to  have  a  length  as  yet  undetermined.  But  few  have 
been  traced  for  a  greater  distance  than  from  one  to  one 
andahalf  m,les,  and  but  one  has  been  traced  for  a  d^! 
tance  of  three  miles. 

tricT'of  Mri"'"'  '  """7  ''"^"'"'"'  ■"  *^  ■"--«!  <!-■ 

™ned  but  ^"''T''''''  — g-"f  t>>-  last  men. 

^oned,  but  the  imperfect  examinations  which  have  been 

I  have  traced  no  one  vein  for  a  further  distance  than  one 

n.e  and  usually  for  distances  considerably  less.     Itwal 

no  ,  however,  supposed  that  these  veins  tenninated  atX 

rerabTrdr'^^T'^"' '•""•'•' ^""'"-  --^-" 

,T^I    ^  '  "  """^  P'''"'^' '"  consequence  of  physi- 

cal  d.ftcult,es  connected  with  the  present  condition  of  Z 

The  native  copper  is  frequently  free  from  all  foreign 
matter,  and  ,s  as  completely  malleable  as  the  most  perfect 

particles  of  earthy   minerals,  chiefly  quartz.     I  have  not 

SLtcr^'^"*^^"-"^ --'''--'.  ^-^" 

The  fatigues  and  exposures  of  the  past  season,  have  s„ 

analyze  as  caref,-  .y,  as  could  have  been  wished,  the  seve 

;al  ores  furnished  by  the  mineral  veins  of  the  Jpperpen- 

nsula,  but  suffici^  „t  has  bee     done  to  show  sat'Lto'rily 

that  the  copper  ores  are  not  onlv  of  suoerior  n „...«,.  .,... 

r  duced'  *0?  T'^lr  ^™  ™'^''  =^  toVender  ihJm  ^Isll"; 
.educed.     Of  those  which  have  been  examined,  embracing 


■4ii 


74 


nearly  the  whole,  (and  not  inclurling'  the  native  copper,) 
the  per  cent  of  pure  metal,  ranges  from  9.5  to  />1 .  72,  and 
the  average  maybe  stated  at  21.10.  Associated  with 
some  of  these  ores,  1  have  detected  a  metal,  the  character  of 
which  remains,  as  yet,  undetermined. 

Were  the  analysis  of  the  several  ores  of  copper  stiffi- 
cicntly  perfected,  I  should  deem  it  unnecessary  to  lay  them 
before  you  at  this  time,  for  with  what  is  now  known  of  the 
district,  it  is  conceived,  the  result  would  lead  to  erroneous 
rather  than  correct  conclusions.  The  analysis  of  separate 
masses  of  ore,  no  matter  how  much  care  may  be  taken  to 
select  the  poor  as  well  as  the  richer  ores,  for  the  examina- 
tions, will  be  usually  far  from  giving  the  average  per 
cent  of  what  would  be  the  product  when  reduced  to  prac- 
tice. I  have,  in  order  to  arrive  at  safe  conclusions,  not 
cmly  analyzed,  but  also  assayed  many  of  them,  but  when 
we  come  to  consider  what  constitutes  the  true  value  of  a 
vein  of  copper  ore,  we  will  perceive  why  it  is  unsafe  to 
judge  of  the  whole  by  the  analysis  of  small  portions. 

IBy  reference  to  the  previous  statistical  table  of  the  pro- 
duct of  the  copper  mines  of  Cornwall,  it  will  be  seen, 
that  the  average  produce  of  the  ores  since  1771,  has 
never  exceeded  12  per  cent  of  the  metal,  and  that,  from 
1818  to  1822,  it  was  only  8  . 2.  This  shows  the  aggregate, 
and  it  was  well  known  that  while  many  of  the  productive 
veins  are  considerably  below  this,  the  largest  average  per 
cent  of  any  single  vein,  in  that  district,  it  is  believed,  has 
never  been  over  20  per  cent,  and  it  should  be  borne  in  mind 
that  this  average  is  taken  after  the  ores  have  been  carefully 
freed  from  all  the  rocky  and  other  impurities,  which  can 
be  separated  by  breaking  and  picking. 

The  value  of  a  vein  may  be  said  to  depend  upon  tho 
abundance  of  the  ore,  and  the  ease  with  which  it  can 


76 

bo  raised  and  smelted,  rather  than  upon  its  purity  or  ricli- 
ness.     Upon  this  point,  with  respect  to  our  own  mineral 
region,  public  opinion  would  peihaps  be  mor.e  in  error 
than  upon  any  other,  and  most  certainly  wo   could  hurdly 
look  for  a  mineral  district   where    the  character  of  the 
ores  were  more  liable  to  disseminate  and  keep  alive  such 
errors.     The  occurrence  of  masses  of  native  metal,  either 
transported  or  in  place,  are  liable  to  excite,  with  those 
who  have  not   reflected  upon  the  subject,    expectations 
which  can  never  be  reahzed,  for  while,  in  truth,  the  former 
show  nothing  but  their  own  bare  existence,  the  latter  may 
be,  as  is  frequently  the    case,  simply  imbedded  masses, 
perfectly  separated  from  all  other  minerals,  or  they  may 
be  associated  in  a  vein    where  every  comparison   would 
lead   to  unfavorable  conclusions,  as  to  the  existence  of 
copper,    in  any  considerable  quantities.     I  have  frequent- 
ly  noticed  very   considerable  masses  of  native   copper, 
occupying  the  joints  of  compact  greenstone,  under  such 
circumstances  as  I  conceive,  might  readily  excite  in  many 
minds,  high  expectations,  but  a  little  reflection  would  sat- 
isfy the  most  careless  observer  of  the  uselessness  of  ex- 
ploring these  joints,  under  the   expectation  or  hope  of 
finding  them  a  valuable  repository  of  the  metal.     Again, 
not  only  native,  but  also  the  other  ores  of  copper  occur 
in  veins,  either  so  narrow  as  to  render  it  useless  to  pursue 
them,  or  so  associated  as  to  render  it  probable  that   ex- 
ploration would  not  be  attended  with  success. 

While  I  am  fully  satisfied  that  the  mineral  district  of 
our  state  will  prove  a  source  of  eventual  and  steadily  in- 
creasing  wealth  to  our  people,  I  cannot  fail  to  have  before 
me  the  fear  that  it  may  prove  the  ruin  of  hundreds  of  ad- 
venturers, who  will  visit  it  with  expectations  never  to  be 
reajized.     The  true  resources  have  as  yet  been  but  little 


^ 


76 

examined  or  developed,  and  even  under  the  most  favord- 
ble  circumstances,  we  cannot  expect  to  see  this  done  but  by 
the  most  judicious  and  economical  expenditure  of  capital, 
at  those  points  where  the  prospects  of  success  are  most 
favorable.     It  has  been  said  of  the  Cornish  district,  in  re- 
spect to  the  supposed  large  aggregate  profits,  that  "  a  fair 
estimate  of  the  expenditure  and  the  return  from  all  the 
mines  that  have  been  working  for  the  last  twenty  or  thirty 
years,  if  the  necessary  documents  could  be  obtained  from 
those  who  are  interested  in  withholding  them,  would  dis- 
pel the  delusion  which  prevails  on  this  subject,  as  well  as 
check  that  ruinous  spirit  of  gambling  adventure  which 
has  been  productive  of  so  much  misery."*     And  if  these 
remarks  will  apply  to  a  comparatively  small  district,  which 
has  been  explored  and  extensively  worked  for  centuries, 
with  how  much  more  force  must  they  apply  to  the  mineral 
district  of  our  own  state,     I  would  by  no  means  desire  to 
throw  obstacles  in  the  way  of  those  who  might  wish  to  en- 
gage in  the  business  of  mining  this  ore,  at  such  time  as  our 
government  may  see  fit  to  permit  it,  but  I  would  simply 
caution  those  persons  who  would  engage  in  this  business 
in  the  hope  of  accumulating  wealth  suddenly  and  without 
patient  industry  and  capital,  to  look  closely  before  the  step 
is  taken,  which  will  most  certainly  end  in  disappointment 
and  ruin. 

The  extreme  length  of  what  I  have  denominated  the 
mineral  district,  (within  the  limits  of  Michigan,)  may  be 
estimated  at  a  fraction  over  135  miles,  and  it  has  a  width 
varying  from  one  to  six  miles;  but  it  must  not  be  imagined 
that  mineml  veins  occur  equally  through  all  portions  of  it, 
for  sometimes,  for  many  milea  together,  none  have  been 


*Hawkini  on  the  tin  of  Cornwall. 


"77 

noticed,  and  the  situation  of  the  country  is  such  as  to  ren 
der  .t  probable  they  never  will  be.     The  range  a,Td  ecu Te' 
of  the  m,neral  district  has  been  so  far  definelas  to  rend 
"  ""necessary  to  say  n,ore  „p„„  this  subject  to  enabl 
«uch  persons  as  ™ay  wish  to  examine,  to  pass  dfreSv 
along  Its  complete  length.  airectly 

mass'of'nt"  '""■  "'"'"'"'  r  '""'''  particularly  to  the  large 
mass  of  native  copper,  which  has  been  so  long  known  to 
exts  .n  the  bed  of  Ontonagon  river,  lest,  perhapsTth 
.so lated  mass  might  be  confounded  with  the  products 
o  the  vems  of  the  mineral  district.  That  this  mass  h 
once  occupied  a  place  in  some  of  these  veins  is  quite  cer- 
tam  but  .t  .s  now  perfectly  separated  from  its  original  con- 
^.ectton,  and  appears  simply  as  a  loose  transported  bowl 

The  attention  of  the  earliest  travelle,-s  was  called  to 
nd  Th"  f  ""'""  -PP-%  the  natives  of  the  countr; 
vid  it"  Th"  •"^"'"^•^'^/'--•'ed  by  those  who  hav"^^ 

o,k  of  the  Ontonagon  nver,  at  a  distance  which  may  be  es-. 
tmiated  at  twenty-six  miles,  by  the  stream,  from  its  mouth. 

rately  visited;  m  proof  of  which  I  may  state,  that  upon 

whete  I  had  left  them  on  a  previous  visit,  nine  years  be^ 
fore,  and  even  a  mass  of  the  copper,  which  at  that  time 
had  been  partially  detached,  but  which,  for  the  want  of 
sufficient  implements,  I  was  compelled  to  abandon,  was 

n  whU  ?r^t  "'T?  • '"  P-^'^-'y^e  «-e  situation 
m  which  It  had  been  left. 

The  copper  in  this  bowlder,  is  associated  with  rockv 

with  that  metal  m  some  portions  of  the  veins  before  de- 

7* 


78 


m 


4^ 


scribed,  the  rocky  matter  being  bound  together  by  innu- 
merable strings  of  metal ;  but  a  very  considerable  portion 
of  the  whole  is  copper,  in  a  state  of  purity.  The  weight 
of  copper  is  estimated  at  from  three  to  four  tons.* 

While  the  mass  of  native  copper  upon  Ontonagon  river 
cannot  fail  to  excite  much  interest,  from  its  great  size  and 
purity,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  that  it  is  a  perfectly  iso- 
lated mass,  having  no  connection  whatever  with  any  other, 
nor  does  the  character  of  the  country  lead  to  the  inference 
that  veins  of  the  metal  occur  in  the  immediate  vicinity, 
though,  as  before  stated,  the  mineral  district  crosses  the 
country  at  a  distance  of  but  a  few  miles. 

The  occurrence  of  cornelian,  chalcedony,  agate  and  ame- 
thystine quartz,  in  the  amygdaloidal  portion  of  the  trap, 
has  already  been  noticed,  and  these  minerals  are  consi- 
derably abundant.  They  frequently  possess  very  great 
Ixaiity  and  perfection,  and  when  ground  and  polished, 
they  may  be  used  for  all  the  purposes  to  which  those  mine- 
rals are  usually  applied.  , 

By  tho  ^n  admitting  Michigan  as  a  state  into  the  con- 
fedeiciiy,  and  in  which  her  boundaries  are  defined,  it  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  the  intention  to  include  within 
her  limits  any  portion  of  territory  lying  upon  the  north 
shore  of  Lake  Superior,  but  in  consequence  of  the  pecu- 
liar shape  of  the  coast  at  that  point  where  the  national 
boundary  line  "  last  touches  Lake  Superior,"  at  the  mouth 
of  Pigeon  river,  a  direct  line  to  the  mouth  of  Montreal 
river,  if  followed  literally,  would  throw  within  the  state 
of  Michigan,  several  small  rocky  islands,  together  with  a 
few  miles  of  the  south  cape  of  Pigeon  bay,  situate  upon 


*  This  mass  of  copper  was  removed  by  Julius  Eldred,  and  after  consider- 
able masses  'had  been  cut  from  it,  was  weighed  in  New  York,  November, 
1843,  and  found  to  weigh  3708  pounds,  net  avoirdupois. 


79 

the  north  coast.  This  boundary  leaves  in  Wisconsin  the 
whole  of  the  Apostles'  group  of  islands,  near  to  the  south 
coast,  while  it  includes  within  Michigan,  Isle  Royale,  situ- 
ate near  to  the  north  coast  of  the  Lake. 

'Isle  Royale  is  a  little  less  than  an  Island  of  rock,  rising 
abruptly  from  the  lowest  depth  of  the  Lake,  in  irregular 
hills,  to  a  height  varying  from   100  to  450  feet  above°  the 
level  of  the  Lake.     The  island  has  a  length  of  a  fraction 
over  45  miles  from  northeast  to  southwest,  and  a  breadth 
varying  from  3  1-2  to  8  miles.     The  most  northerly  point 
of  the  island  is  very  nearly  in  latitude  48°  12'  30"  north, 
and  the  parallel  of  longitude  89°  west  from  Greenwich,' 
crosses  the  island  a  little  east  from  its  centre.     Its  nearest 
approach  to  the  main  land  is  noar  its  northwesterly  end, 
where  it  is  separated  from  a  point  of  the  north  coast,  a' 
few  miles  east  from  Pigeon  river,  by  a  distance  of  a  fric- 
tion less  than  thirteen  miles.     Isle  Royale  is  separated 
from  Keewenaw  point,  of  the  south  coast,  by  a  distance 
of  forty-four  miles,  and  the  elevated  hills  of  this  point  may 
be  distinctly  seen  from  Isle  Royale,  when  the  atmosphere 
is  clear. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  the  northwesterly  side  of  Isle 
Royale  is  a  continuous,  elevated^  rocky  clift;  which  will 
•scarcely  admit  of  a  landing;  but  the  southeasterly  side, 
together  with  the  easterly  and  westerly  ends,  are  deeply 
mdented  with  bays,  which  form  secure  harbors.  The 
northeasterly  end  is  made  up  of  a  series  of  elevated,  rocky 
spits,  with  intervening  bays.  These  spits  of  rock  continue 
for  a  length  varying  from  ten  to  twelve  miles,  with  a  width 
scarcely  exceeding  half  a  mile,  and  altogether,  they  may 
not  inaptly  be  compared  to  the  hand  with  the  fingers  half 
spread.     The  bays  have  a  sufficient  depth  of  water  to  ad- 


80 


Kf, 


.  'ji 


mit  vessels  of  the  largest  class  to  enter  nearly  one-third 
the  whole  length  of  the  island. 

Much  of  Isle  Royale  is  absolutely  destitute  of  soil  and 
the  island  has  a  most  desolate  appearance  ;  but  notwith- 
standing this,  it  is  of  immense  value  for  its  fisheries,  which 
are  yet  scarcely  appreciated. 

Though  not  within  the  limits  of  our  state,  I  will  brieflv 
refer  to  the  general  character  of  a  portion  of  the  counti; 
west  from  Pigeon  river,  on  the  north  coast.     That  district 
of  country  upon  the  immediate  coast,  extending  from  our 
national  boundary,  at  Pigeon  river,  to  Fond  du  Lac  is 
more  decidedly  and  abruptly  mountainous   than  any  por- 
tion of  the  south  coast  of  the  lake.      The  hills  rise  in 
broad    and   somewhat   knobby   steppes    or   plateaus,  to 
heights  varying  from  400  to  1,200  feet  above  the  lake 
and  the  summits  of  these  hills  are  usually  not  farther  in- 
land than  from  ten  to  twenty  miles.     The  rocks  of  the 
hills  are  very  frequently  bare  over  considerable  areas,  and 
the  valleys  containing  arable  soil,  are  few  and  very  nar- 
row.  "^ 

The  route  of  the  fur  trade  to  the  northwest,  ,na  Rainy 
Lakes,   Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  Lake  Winnipec,  wa's 
formerly  wholly  carried  on  by  passing  over  these  hills 
from  a  point  a  few  miles  west  from  the  mouth  of  Pigeon 
river.     The  trail  or  portage  path  passes  over  a  low  por- 
tion of  the  range,  and  finally   falls  upo..  Pigeon  river 
which  IS  ascended  to  its  source,  from  which,  by  a  series  of 
portages,  the  sources  of  the  streams  flowing  northwester- 
ly are  reached.     The  hilly  portion  of  the  country,  though 
of  exceeding  interest  in  a  geological  point  of  view,  is  the 
most  desolate  that  could  be  conceived. 


SI 

STANARD'S  ROCK. 
Was  discovered  by  Capt.  Charles  C.'stanarf,  at  fouv 
o  clock,  p.  M.  August  26, 1833. 

Mamtou  Island  .s  twenty-sevon  miles  S.  E.  half  E.,  and 
fi^m  Pent  Abbaye,  forty-five  miles  E.  by  N.  3-4  N  lat 
470  8'  north,  long.  87°  24'  west  from  Greenwich.       ' 

On  both  of  my  visit,  to  the  rock,  the  sea  was  too  rough 
to  allow  me  to  land  on  it,  but  from  the  mast  head  of  tL 
vessel  ,t  appeared  to  be  about  twelve  or  thirteen  feet 
long,  by  hve  or  s.x  feet  broad,  and  rising  above  the  sur- 
face  about  three  feet.     On  the  south,  southeast,  east  and 
northeast  s>des  the  water  is  deep.    On  the  w^st,  sou", 
west,  and  northwest  sides,  the  water  is  quite  shoal  fc 
some  distance  out;  and  from  the  rock  abo,„   N  N  W 
runs  a  reef  to  the  distance  of  about  eighty  or  ninety  rods! 
ThecomposU.on  of  the  rock  is  the  same  as  the  trap 
of  Pomt  Keewenaw.  This  I  learned  from  Mr.  Mendenhall 
I  also  saw  a  piece  of  the  rock  brought  away  by  one  of 
the  sailors  of  the  Algonquin."_C«^^  B.  A.  Stanard 


\  ■ 

It  f 


GLOSSARY. 

INCLUDING  THE  TECHNICAL  TERMS  USED  IN  THIS  WORK. 

Alluvicn  or  Alluvium.  Recent  deposites  of  earth,  sand, 
gravel,  mud,  stones,  peat,  shell  banks,  shell  marl,  drift 
sand,  &c:,  resulting  from  causes  now  in  action.  This  term 
is  generally  applied  to  those  deposites  in  which  water  is  the 
principal  agent. 

Amorplwus.     Bodies  devoid  of  regular  form. 

Amygdaloid,  A  trap  rock  which  is  porous  and  spongy, 
with  rounded  cavities  scattered  throughout  its  mass. 
Agates  and  simple  minerals  are  often  contained  in  these 
cavities. 

Anticlinal.  An  anticlinal  ridge  or  axis  is  where  the 
Strata  along  a  line  dip  contrariwise,  like  the  sides  of  the 
roof  of  a  house. 

Arenaceous^.     Sandy. 

Argillaceous.     Clayey. 

Augitc.  A  simple  mineral  of  variable  color,  from 
black  through  green  and  gray  to  white.  It  is  a  constitu- 
ent of  many  volcanic  and  trappean  rocks,  and  is  also 
found  in  scire  of  the  granitic  rocks. 

Bamlt.  One  of  the  common  trap  rocks.  It  is  compo- 
sed of  augite  and  feldspar,  is  hard,  compact,  and  dark 
green  or  black,  and  has  often  a  regular  columnar  form. 
The  Palisades  of  the  Hudson  show  the  columnar  aspect 
of  trap  rocks.  The  giant's  causeway  is  cited  as  an  ex- 
ample of  basaltic  rocks,  and  the  columnar  structure  is 
there  very  strikingly  displayed. 

Blende.  Sulphate  of  zinc.  A  common  shining  zinc 
ore. 

Blufs.     High  banks  of  earth  or  rock  with  a  steep  front. 


83 


The  ten 


L-ally  applied  to  high 


s  generi 
boundaries  of  a  river  or  river  alluvions. 

Bog  Iron  Ore,  Ochre.     A  variety  of  ore  of  iron  which 
,has  been  deposited  by  water.     Chiefly  in  low,  wet  o-round 
Botryoidal.     Resembling  a  bunch  of  grapes  in  form. 
Bowlders.     Erractic  group.     Lost  rocJcs.     Rocks  which 
have  been  transported  from  a  distance,  and  more  or  less 
rounded  by  attrition  or  the  action  of  the  weather.     They 
he  upon  the  surface  or  loose  in  the  soil,  and  generally  differ 
from  the  imderlying  rock  in  the  neighborhood. 

Breccia.     A  rock  composed  of  angular  fragments  ce- 
mented together  by  lime  and  other  substances. 

Calcareous  rochs.     A  term  synonymous  with  limestone. 
Calcareous  spar.     Crystalized  carbonate  of  lime. 
Carbonates.     Chemical  compounds   containing  carbon- 
ic  acid,  which'is  composed  of  oxygen  and  carbon. 
Chalyleatc.     Impregnated  with  iron. 
Chert.     A  siliceous  mineral,  approaching  to  chalcedo- 
ny, flint  and  hornstone.     It  is   usually  found  in  limestone. 
Chlorite.     A  soft  green  scaly  mineral,  slightly  unctious. 
Chlorite  slate.     Slate  containing  chlorite. 
Clinkstone.     A  slaty  feldspathic  or  basaltic  rock,  which 
is  soiprous  when  struck. 

Cleavage.  The  separation  of  the  laminae  of  rocks  and 
minerals  in  certain  constant  directions.  They  are  not  al- 
ways parallel  to  the  planes  of  stratification,  but  are  often 
mistaken  for  them. 

Conformable.  When  strata  are  arranged  parallel  with 
each  other,  Hke  the  leaves  of  a  book,  they  are  said  to  be 
conformable.  Other  strata  lying  across  the  edges  of  these 
may  be  conformable  among  themselves,  but  unconformable 
to  the  first  set  of  strata. 

Conglomerate,  Crag  or  JPuddingstone.     Rocks  composed 


l-> 


Si 

"f  rounded  masses,  pebbles  and  g.avol  cemented  together 
by  a  s.hceous,  calcareous,  or  aigillaceous  cement 

Cretaceous.    Belonging  to  the  chalk  formation. 

Crop  out  and  out  crop.  Terms  employed  by  geologists 
and  mmmg  engmeers,  to  express  the  emergence  of  rock 
m  place  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  at  the  locality  where' 
It  IS  said  to  crop  out.  ^ 

GrystaUne  An  assemblage  of  imperfectly  defined  crys- 
tals,  hke  loaf  sugar  and  common  white  marble 

usf  f 'fil,  ^  ^^^  "^  '""  intersecting  the  strata,  and 
usually  filled  w.th  some  unstratified  igneous  rock,  such  as 
;?ramte,  trap  or  lava.  These  materials  are  supposed  to 
have  been  injected-in  a  melted  state  into  great  rents  or 
fissures  m  the  rocks. 

Z)fe,«^  or  Dilution.  Deposites  of  bowlders,  pebbles 
and  gravel,  winch  many  geologists  have  supposed  were 
produced  by  a  diluvial  wave  or  deluge  sweeping  over  the 
surface  of  the  earth. 

Dip.  Where  strata  are  not  horizontal,  the  direction  in 
vvhich  their  planes  sink  or  plunge,  is  called  the  direction 
of  the  dip,  and  the  angle  of  inclination,  the  angle  of  dip 

Dolmmte.    A  magnesian  limestone  belonging  to  the  pri- 

Setxture'.  '  "^^"^  «™""'^"- '"  ^'^  ^^  ^^  "'  » 

entt^f^riv^eT  ""^  ''''"''"  '^^'^'"^  '"•'"'"  ^ 

.Eocene.     The  strata  deposited  during  the  oldest  of  th  e 
tertiary  epochs,  as,  for  example,  the  Paris  basin. 

Estuane..    Inlets  of  sea  into  the  land.     The  tides  and 
fresh  water  streams  mingle  and  flow  into  them.     They  in 
elude  not  only  the  portion  of  the  sea  adjacent  to   the' 
m  uths  of  rivers,  but  extend  to  the  limit  of  tide  water  on 


85 


or 


e 


I'aull.    A  dislocation  of  strata,  at  which  the  layers  on 
6ne  s>de  of  a  dyke  or  fissure  have  slid  past  the  coLpI 
d.ng  ones  on  the  other.     These  dislocations  are  often  ac 
oompantedby  a  dyke.     They  vary  from  ,  few  hne.,  to 
.several  hundred  feet. 

Feldspar.     One  of  the  simpl.  minerals,  and  next  to 
quartz,  one  of  the  most  abundant  in  nature. 
Femigmous.     Containing  iron. 

Galm^.  An  ore  of  lead  composed  of  lead  and  s„l- 
pnur. 

Garnet  A  simple  mineral,  which  is  usually  red  and 
crystahzed.     It  is  abundant  in  most  primitive  rocks. 

Gneiss.  A  stratified  primary  rock,  composed  of  the 
.ame  materials  as  granite,  but  the  mica  is  distributed  in 
patalle  layers,  wh.ch  will  give  it  a  striped  aspect. 

Geode     Ceodiferous.     Geodes  are  small  cavities  in  rock 
generally  hned  with  quartzose  or  calcareous  crystals 
.H.^TT'l'l'*^^  ,eferstothe  applications  of  Geolo- 
hied  S'  '      ""'"'"'"''"'^  "^  ""^  ™*'*""1  P-'-po^es  of  civi. 

Granite  An  unstratified  rock,  composed  generally  of 
quartz,  feldspar  and  mica,  and  it  is  usually  associated  with 
the  oldest  of  the  stratified  rocks. 

Gray,vacke    Grauwacke.      A  group    of  strata  in  th.  , 
transition  rocks  ;  but  the  term  has  been  so  indefinitely  a,.- 
piled,  that  other  names  will  probably  be  substituted. 

Greenst<^e.     A  trap  rock  composed  of  hornblende  and 
leldspar. 

Gnt.    A  coarse-gi-ained  sandstone. 
HornMendc.    A  mineral  of  a  dark  green  or  black  color, 
and  which  IS  a  constituent  part  of  greenstone. 

Hormtme.     A  siliceous  mineral  apDros-.v^in- -  fl-  " 
its  character.  ""    '  appioa..mg  .u  flinc  m 

8 


86 


In  situ.  In  place.     In  their  original  position  where  they 
were  formed. 

Laminae.     The  thin   layers  into  wh^ch  strata  are  divi- 
ded, but  to  which  th  y  are  not  always  parallel. 

Line  of  bearing,  is  the  direction  of  the  intersection  of 
the  planes  of  the  strata  with  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

Lineal'  survey.     A   plan  of  surveying  adopted  by  the 
United  States  government,  by  which  the  public  lands  are 
divided  into  rectangles,  by  straight  lines. 
Loam.     A  mixture  of  sand  and  clay. 
Magnetic  Meridian.     A  great  circle  passing  through  or 
by  the  magnetic  poles  of  the  earth  ;  to  which  the  conquiss 
needle,  if  not  otherwise  hindered,  conforms  itself.     This 
"  line  of  no  variation,"  is  not  stationary,  but  shifts  east- 
ward or  westward  of  the  true  meridian,  during  a  term  of 
years. 

Mural  Escarpment.     A  rocky  cliff  with  a  face  nearly 
vertical  liko  a  wall. 

Mammillary.      A    surface   studded  with  smooth  small 
segments  of  spheres  like  the  swell  of  the  breasts. 

Matrix.  The  mineral  mass  in  which  a  simple  mineral  is 
imbeded,  is  called  its  matrix  or  gangue. 

Mechanical  origin,  Rocks  of  Rocks  composed  of  sand, 
pebbles  or  fragments,  are  so  called,  to  distinguish  them 
from  those  of  a  uniform  crystaline  texture,  ^  hich  are  of 
chemical  origin. 

Mcta?norphic  Rocks.  Stratified  division  of  primary 
rocks,  such  as  gneiss,  mica  slate,  hornblende  slate,  quartz 
rocli,  &c.,  and  which  may  probably  be  regarded  as  altered 
sedimentary  rocks. 

Metalliferous.     Containing  metals  or  metallic  ores. 
Mica.     A  simple  mineral,  having  a  shining  silvery  sur- 
face,  and    capable    of  being  split   into  very  thin  elastic 


87 

leaves  or  scales.  The  brilliant  scales  in  granite  and  gneiss 
are  mica. 

Micaceous.     In  part  composed  of  scales  of  mica. 

Mica  Slate.  One  of  the  stratified  rocks  belonging  to 
the  primary  class.  It  is  generally  fissile,  and  is  character- 
ized  by  being  composed  of  mica  and  quartz,  of  which  the 
former  either  predominates,  or  is  deposited  in  layers,  so 
that  its  flat  surfaces  give  it  the  appearauce  of  predomina- 
ting. 

Native  Metals.  Those  portions  of  metals  found  in 
nature  in  a  metallic,  or  uncombined  state,  are  called  na- 
tive. 

Neiv  Red  Sandst.me.  "  A  series  of  sandy  and  argilla- 
ceous, and  often  calcareous  strata,  the  prevailing  color  of 
which  is  brick-red,  but  containing  portions  which  are 
greenish  grey.  These  occur  often  in  spots  and  stripes,  so 
that  the  series  has  sometimes  been  called  the  variegated 
sandstone.  The  European,  so  called,  lies  in  a  geological 
position  immediately  above  the  coal  measures." 

Nodule.     A  rounded,  irregular  shaped  lump  or  mass. 

Ochre.     See  bog  iron. 

Old  Red  Sandstone.  "A  stratified  rock,  belonging  to 
the  carboniferous  group  of  Europe." 

Out-crojy.    See  Crop  out.  n 

Oxid.  A  combination  of  oxygen  with  another  body. 
The  term  is  usually  limited  to  such  combinations  as  do 
not  pres   .it  active  acid  or  alkaline  properties. 

'Porphyry.  A  term  applied  to  every  species  of  unstra- 
tified  rock,  in  which  detached  crystals  of  feldspar  are  dif- 
fused through  a  compact  base  of  other  mineral  composi- 
tion. 

Primary  tgcJcs.     Those  rocks  which  lie  below  all   the 
stratified  rocks  and  exhibit  no  marks  of  sedimentary  ori- 


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88 

gin.  They  contain  no  fossils,  and  are  the  oldest  rocks 
known.  Granite,  hornblende,-quartz  and  some  slates  be- 
long  to  this  division. 

Pudding  Stone.     See  Conglomerate. 

Pyrites  A  mineral,  composed  of  sulphur  and  iron 
It  IS  usually  of  a  brass  yellow,  brilliant,  often  crystalized' 
and  frequently  mistaken  for  gold. 

Quartz.     A  simple  mineral,  composed  of  silex.     Rock 
crystal  is  an  example  of  this  mineral. 

Rock.     All  mineral  beds,  whether  of  sand,  clay,  or  firm- 
ly  aggregated  masses,  are  called  rocks. 
J^^^^stone.    A  rock  composed  of  aggregated  grains  of 

Schist.     Slate. 

Sedijnentary  rocks.  All  .ho.e  which  have  been  formed 
by  their  materials  having  been  thrown  down  from  a  state 
ot  suspension  or  solution  in  water. 

Septaria.  Flattened  balls  of  stone,  which  have  been 
more  or  less  cracked  in  different  directions,  and  cemented 
together  by  mmeral  matter  which  fills  the  fissures 

dlitnt:    ^  y'"'\--P°-l  principally   of  hydrated 
sihcate  of  magnesia.     It  ,s  generally  an  unstratified  rock. 
*Aafe    An  mdurated  clay,  which  is  very  fissile 

shotitd  co!;:  '""^  "^"'^■"^™  ^™^^'  ^--^  p''^"-  - 

thet^;of^fl'r""  °^  »"«  of  *«  pore  earths  which  is 
the  base  of  flmt  quartz,  and  most  sands  and  sandstones. 
bihatms.     Containing  silex 

a.^i7kt-t^:rrri5.-^"^K 


substance.      Rocks  are  crenerallv  no.„^.«„... 


simple  minerals  cemented  together. 


several 


89 


Slate.    A  rock  dividing  into  thin  layers. 

Stratification.     An  arrangement  of  rocks  in  strata. 

Strata.     Layers  of  rock  parallel  to  each  other. 

Stratum.     A  layer  of  rocks  ;  one  of  the  strata. 

Strike.  The  direction  in  which  the  edges  of  strata  crop 
out.     It  is  synonymous  with  line  of  hearing. 

Syenite  and  Sienite.  A  granite  rock,  in  which  hornblende 
replaces  the  mica. 

Synclinal  line  and  Synclinal  axis.  When  the  strata  dip 
downward,  in  opposite  directions,  like  the  sides  of  a  gut- 
ter. 

Transition  Rocks.  A  series  of  rocks  which  He  below 
the  secondary  and  next  above  the  primary,  and  aie  so 
called  because  they  seem  to  have  been  formed  at  a  period 
when  the  earth  was  passing  from  an  uninhabited  tc  a 
habitable  condition.  They  contain  numbers  of  charac- 
teristic fossils. 

Trap —  Trappcan  Rocks.  Ancient  volcanic  rocks,  com- 
posed of  feldspar,  hornblende  and  augite.  Basalt,  green- 
stone, amygdaloid  and  dolomite,  are  trap  rocks. 

Tuff  or  Tufa.  "  An  Italian  name  for  a  volcanic  rock 
of  an  earthy  lextjre." 

Unconformahle.     See  conformable. 

Veins.  Cracks  and  fissures  in  rocks  filled  with  stony  or 
metallic  matter.  Most  of  the  ores  are  obtained  from  me- 
tallic veins. 

Veinstone.  That  mineral  matter  with  which  the  ores  or 
metallic  contents  of  a  vein  are  associated. 


8» 


90 


COASTING  DISTANCES  ABOUND  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 


^' 


V,e»ta*^^^^p„.„^^  ^^^  ^.,^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^^ 


From  Saut  ^e  Ste  Marie 
To  Pointe  Aux  Pins, 
Parisean  Island, 


White  Fish  Point, 
P^rom  Saut  de  Ste  Marie 
To  Point  Iroquois, 
Tonquamenon  River, 
White  Fish  Point, 
Two  Hearted  River, 
Grand  Marais  Harb. 
Hurricane  River 
Miners'  River, 
Williams'  Landing  on 

Grand  Island, 
Riviere  Aux  Train, 
Laughing  Fish  River,  I 
Chocolate  River,  ' 

Riviere  Du  Mort, 
Presque  Isle  River, 
Garlic  River, 
Little  Iron  River, 
Yellow  Dog  River, 
Pine  River, 
Huron  River, 
Point  Abbaye, 
Methodist  Mission, 
Catholic  Mission, 
From  Point  Abbaye 
To  Portage  River.  1 4 

South  end  of  Portage,  J22 


137 
147 
163 
174 
180 


s  w  by  w, 
w  by  s 
w  n  w 
west 
n  n  w 
1881      n  w 
196(n  w  by  n 
205     n  n  w 


REMARKS. 

Good  landing. 

N  and  W  sides  of  island  rocky, 
dangerous  landing.  E  and 
o  sides  good  landing. 

Good  landing. 


Boat  harbor. 

Good  landing. 

Boat  harbor. 

Vessel  harbor. 

Sand  beach— shoal  water. 

rictured  Rocks. 

Vessel  harbor. 
Bont  harbor. 


n 


II 


212 
218 
226 
233 
248 
253 

24? 
269J 


n  w  by  w 
w  n  w 
w  1-2  n 
n  w  by  w 
8  w  by  w 
3  w  by  w 

west 
n  n  w 


Harbor  for  large  boats. 
<JOod  landing. 


u 
it 


<( 
l( 

n 


Boat  harbor. 
Good  landing. 


<< 


It 


Five  feet  on  the  bar. 
Vessels  can  come  within  I  1-2 
miles  of  this. 


91 


R. 


IsJe. 


rocky, 
E  and 


Across  the  Portage, 

From  Point  Abbaye 

To  Traverse  Island, 

Tobacco  River, 

I  Little  Montreal  River, 

Copper  Harbor, 

Agate  Harbor, 

Grand  Marais  Harb. 

Eagle  Harbor, 

Cat  Harbor, 

Eagle  River, 

Portage, 

Little  Trout  River, 

Elm  River, 

Misery  River, 

Sleeping  River, 

Fire  Steel  River, 

Flint     "         " 

Ontonagon     " 

Iron  " 

Carp  " 

Montreal        " 

La  Pointe,  (Madeline 
Island,) 

St.  Louis  River, 

By  way  of  north  coast. 

Two  Island  River, 
Grand  I'ortage, 
Fort  William, 
Thunder  Cape, 
S  W  end  of  Isle  St. 

Ignace,  51 

Slate  Island,  50 

Pic  River,  38 

Otter  Cove,  36 

Michipicoten  River,      58 
Montreal  River,  58 

Sandy  Islands,  30 

Gros  Cap,  21 

Pointe  Aux  Pins,  8 


10 
16 
17 
18 
9 
4 
2 
2 
5 
20 
8 
11 
5 
4 
8 
1 
6 
12 
16 
25 

20 
72 


75 
65 
40 
14 


to    3 

^^ 

270 

243 

259 

276 

294 

303 

307 

309 

311 

316 

336 

344 

355 

360 

364 

372 

373 

379 

391 

407 

432 

452 
524 


Course. 


552 


477 
412 
372 
358 

307 

257 

219 

183 

125 

67 

37 

16 

8 


n  n  w 

n  \v 
n  n  e  hf  e 
n  e  by  n 
n  by  w 
west 
w  by  s 
w  by  s 
w  by  3 
w  s  w  hf  s 
s  w  hf  w 
s  w  by  w 
s  w 
3  w 
w  by  s 
w  s  w 
8  w 
3  vv  by  w 
w  by  s 
w  by  s 
s  w  by  vv 

n  \.  hf  w 
west 


REMARKS. 


Bad  landing. 

Boat  Harbor.  [oast. 

Good  landing  a  little  to  the 
Vessel  harbor. 

Boat  " 

Vessel         '• 
Boat  " 


Good  landing 


u 


a 
a 
n 


Six  feet      'T  sandbar. 
Boat  Harbor. 


n  e 

e  n  e 

n  e  by  n 

e  8  e 

n  e  by  e 

east 

e  hf  8 

s  by  e  hf  e 
e  by  8 
8  by  e 
south 
8  by  e 
8  eby  6 


Eight  feet  over  the  bar. 


Good  landing. 
Vessel  harbor. 


Vessel  harbor. 
Boat  harbor. 


Being  1076  miles  aroUnd  Lake 
Superior. 


1-2 


i 


92 


WORKING  COMPANIES. 

LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY-1200  sharks. 
Trustees— David    Henshaw,    Boston,  Mass.;    Lemuel 
Williams,  do.;  C.  C.  Douglass,  Acting  Superintendent. 

This  is  the  pioneer  company  of  this  region,  and  is  suc- 
cessfully at  work  on  lease  No.  2,  on  Eagle  River.  They 
have  in  operation,  carried  by  water  power,  a  stampino^ 
and  crushing  mill,  and  also  a  saw  mill,  improvements 
which  no  other  company  has,  and  which  they  have  made 
only  under  great  disadvantages  and  with  much  perseve- 
rance. 

PITTSBURGH  AND  BOSTON  COPPER  HARBOR  COMPANY. 

6000    SHARES. 

Trustees— Curtis  G.  Hussey ;  Charles  Avery,  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.;  Thomas  M.  Howe,  do.;  William  Pettit,  do.;  Thom- 
as Jones,  Boston,  Mass.;  Charles  Sc^dder,'  do.;  Dr.  Wm. 
Pettit,   Superintendent. 

Leases  Nos.  4.  at  Copper  Harbor,  5,  Eagle  river,  and 
6  and  12,  between  Eagle  river  and  the  Portage.  On  No. 
5  they  have  opened  a  vein  most  wonderfully  rich  in  native 
silver. 

COPPER  FALLS  COMPANY-3000  shares. 
Trustees— Kenry    Crocker,    Boston,    Mass.;    Charles 
Henshaw,  do.;  George  L.  Ward,  Chicago,  111.;   Joshua 
Childs,  Superintendent. 

Lease  No.  9,  between  Eagle  Harbor  and  Eagle  river. 
They  are  now  taking  from  the  vein  on  this  location  a  mass 
of  native  copper  much  larger  than  the  famous  "  Copper 
rock  of  the  Ontonagon." 

EAGLE  HARBOR  COMPANY-2000  shares' 
Trustees— Samuel  A.  Hastings,  Detroit,  Mich. ;  Samuel 


93 

Barstow,do.;  Samuel  Coit,  do. ;  Lewis  Hall,  do. ;  Thom- 
as Sprague,  Superintendent. 
Lease  No.  3,  at  Eagle  Harbor. 

NORTH  AMERICAN  COMPANY— 3000  shares. 
Boardof  Directors — President,  Gurdon  Williams,  De- 
troit, Mich.;  Secretary,  Henry  J.  Buckley,  do.;  Treasurer, 
Gurdon  Williams,  ex  officio,  do.;  Charles  Howard,  do.; 
Nelson  P.  Stewart,  Pontiac,  Mich.;  Alfred  Williams,  do.; 
Horace  C.  Thurber,  do.;  Charles  G.  Hascall,  Flint,  Mich.; 
Thomas  Richmond,  Cleveland,  Ohio ;  John  Bacon,  Super- 
intendent. 

No.  7,  Eagle  river.  The  officers  of  this  company  are 
elected  annually,  on  the  second  Monday  in  October. 
BOHEMIAN  COMPANY— 2500  shares. 
Board  of  Trustees — President,  Ramsay  Crooks,  New 
York;  Edward  Curtis,  do.;  William  B.  Maclay,  do.; 
Zepheniah  Piatt,  do.;  John  Owen,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Simon 
Mendlebourn,  Superintendent. 

Nos.  32,  17  and  35,  on  Little   Montreal  river,  Point 
Keewenaw. 

BOSTON  COMPANY— 1700  shares. 
Trustees — William  Ward,  Boston,  Mass.;  Dr.  Thomas 
Jones,  do.;    Joab  Bernard,  Baltimoi-e,  Md.;    Joseph  L. 
Hempstead,  Superintendent. 

No.  15,  between  Copper  and  Agate  Harbors.     From 
the  "  White  Dog  Vein"  on  this  location,  they  have  raised 
a  large  mass  of  native  copper,  weighing  about  900  lbs. 
NEW  YORK  AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY— 6000  shares. 
President — Edward  Lamed,   Watervliet,  N.  Y.;   Trus- 
tees,     Talcott ;    Samuel   Goveneur  ;  Kimball, 

Boston,  Mass.;  C.  G.  Lamed,  Superintendent. 
Nos.  20  and  21,  on  Riviere  Du  Mort,  18,  at  Agate 


94 

Harbor,  31,  Point  Keewenaw,  19,  22,  23,  24,  and  25  on 
Montreal  river.  They  are  at  work  on  Noa.  20,  18  'and 
•>1. 

ONTONAGON  COMPANY~2000  bhahes. 
IVustecs^John  H.  Kinzie,  Chicago,  111.;    George  C 
Bates,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Cogswell  K.  Green,  Niles,  Mich  • 
Juhan  Magill,  Superintendent. 

No.  98,  on  Ontonagon  river.  Nos.  68,  69,  70,  71,  72 
and  73,  at  the  head  waters  of  the  Elm  and  Misery  rivers. 
They  are  at  work  on  No.  70. 

ISLE  ROYALE  COMPANY-2000  shares. 
Trustees-T)T.  Thomas  Jones,  Boston,  Mass.;  Charles 
Scudder,  do.;  George  C.  Bates,  Detroit,  Mich.;    Cyrus 
Mendenhall,  Superintendent. 

Nos.  16  and  27,  Copper  Harbor.     Nos.  28  and  29,  Black 
river. 

SUPERIOR  COMPANY--3000  shares. 
Fresident^James  D.  P.  Ogden,  New  York  City  Trm- 
tee,,  Jacob  LeRoy,  do.;  J.  Townsend,  do.;  George  N. 
kSaunders,  Superintendent. 

Lease  No.  1,  west  of  Copper  Harbor. 

NORTHWEST  COMPANY-2500  shares. 
Trustees^ChaT}es  A.  Secor,  New  York  City;  Horace 
Greely  do.;  E.  B.  Hart,  do.;  Mr.  Bailey,  Superintendent. 
Mr.  Bailey  has  erected  his  buildings  at  Grand  Marais 
Harbor,  and  is  at  work  this  winter  immediately  south  in 
the  bluffs.  The  tract  which  this  company  claims  is  in  dis- 
pute, and  the  case  is  before  the  Commissioners. 


95 


ORGANIZED  COMPANIES. 

NORTHWESTERN  COMPANY  OF  DETROIT— 3000  shares. 

Board  of  Trustees — President,  Zina  Pitcher,  Detroit, 

Mich.;  Israel  Coe,  do.;  Wesley  Truesdail,  do.;    Samuel 
T.  Douglass,  do. 

No.  8,  Eagle  River. 

UNITED  STATES  COMPANY— 3000  shares. 

Trustees — Randall  S.  Rice,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Morgan 
Bates,  do.;  Robert  E.  Roberts,  do.;  Managers,  Andrew 
Harvie,  do.;  John  Winder,  do. 

Nos.  50,  51,  52,  53,  54,  55  and  218,  Ontonagon  river. 

ALBION  COMPANY— 3500  sharks. 

Trustees — S.  Draper,  Jr.  New  York;     S.  Jaudon,  do.; 
Chauncey  Bush,  do.;  Secretary,  C.  Livingi5ton,  do. 
No.  10,  Point  Keewenaw. 

BALTIMORE  COMPANY— 3000  shares. 

Board  of  Directors — President,  Jonas  H.  Titus,  Jack- 
son, Mich.;  Secretary,  Walter  Budington ;  Treasurer, 
Smith  Titus;  Andrew  T.  McReynolds,  Detroit,  Mich.; 
.Tohn  McReynolds,  do. 

Nos.  133,  134,  135  and  136,  on  Ontonagon  river. 

NEW  YORK  AND  MICHIGAN  COMPANY— 5000  snAREW. 

Board  of  Trustees — President,  Henry  Ledyard,  Detroit, 
Mich.;  Secretary,  William  A.  Richmond,  do.;  Treasurer, 
Levi  S.  Humphrey,  do.;  Charles  G.  H,ammond  do.;  Lu- 
cius Lyon,  do.; 

Nos.  181,  251,  252  and  253,  in  T.  47  N.,  Rs.  26  and 
27  W.  No.  61,  on  Point  Keewenaw,  Nos.  42,  299,  300 
301,  302  and  303,  on  the  Porcupine  mountains.  Nos.  57, 
58,  304  and  305,  on  Montreal  river.  The  extensive  iron 
ore  bed  referred  to  by  Mr.  Hubbard,  in  his  report,  page 
25,  is  included  in  the  locations  of  this  company,  as  will 
appear  by  reference  to  the  map. 


96 

GLOBE  COMPANY-4000Mu,a. 

,   l""^-  f  'L™""^^-^^«»i<J«'«.  A.  H.  Newbould,  De- 

W  ll«,m  P.  Randolph,  do,  Pie„e  Teller,  do,  E.  F.  Ran 
Uolph,  do,    JamoB  A.  Van  Dyke,  do 
No8.  447  and  448,  on  Ontonagon  river.     The  officers 

of  FlZr'  "'  ''"'''  """"'' "  "^^  ""'  """"'"^ 

PENINSULA  COMPANY-3300  «,*,„. 

Trustees-Henry  P.  Tallmadge,  New  York,  Theophi- 
lusPeck,do,  James  S.  Hunt,  do,  Secretaiy,  C.  H.  Amer- 

1x13,11. 

Nos.  C,  7,  8,-9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  15,  16  and  17,  on  the 
Ontonagon  nver  The  officers  of  this  company  are  elect- 
ed  annually,  on  the  first  Monday  in  November. 

FRANKLIN  COMPANY  OF  VERMONT      wnn 

nlZt  1  ^™'-^-P>-i<lent,  Francis  E.  Phelps,  De- 
cion.  Mich.,  Secretary,  Warren  Currier,  Windsor,  Vf 
Treasurer,  Israel  Coe,  Detroit,  Mich,  Joseph  D  Hatch" 

Nos.  45,  46,  47,  48.  49,  and  56,  on  Huron  river 

CHEAT  WESTERN  AND  I-AKE  SUPEHIO«  COMPANV-^O.  „.,.. 

Trustee- Wilham  W.  Johnson,  Detroit,  Mich 

Nos.  444,  445,  and  446,  on  the  Ontonagon  river.     The 

ttt;:2r"^°^*'''^-"^-^~^^"oneor 

MACKINAC  AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY-4500  .„,».. 

Trustees-Ramsay  Crooks,  New  York ;  Michael  Douse- 
man  Samuel  Abbot,  and  Samuel  K.  Raring,  MacJnTc 
Mich,  Justm  Rice,  St.  Clair,  Mich  wckinac. 


97 


or 


«5, 


ALGONaum  COMPANY  OF  DETROIT.-.3000  shahes. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  Josiah  R.  Dorr,  De- 
troit, Mich.;  Secretary,  Daniel  P.  Bushnell ;  Treasurer, 
Benjamin  L.  Webb,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Curtis  Emerson,  and 
Michael  E.  Van  Buren,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Levi  Allen,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.;  Charles  Whittlesey,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Four  locations  on  Sleeping  river.  The  officers  of  this 
company  are  elected  annually  on  the  seccmd  Monday  of 
July.  ^ 

BOSTON,  NEW  YORK  AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY~:]000  siURf>. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  Charles  Noble,  Mon- 
roe, Mich.;  Secretary,  Benjamin  F.  Fificld,  do.;  Treasm-er, 
Daniel  S.  Bacon,  do.;  Dan  B.  Miller,  do. 

Nos.  44  and  411,  on  the  Porcupine  mountains. 

MANHATTAN  COMPANY-3500siures. 

President,  E.  Smith  Lee,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Secretary, 
Daniel  Dunning;  Treasurer,  Theodore  Williams,  Detroit, 
Mich.;  Trustees,  Oliver  M.  Hyde,  Thomas  Palmer,  Benja- 
min F.  H. Witherell,  and  Richard  J.  Connor,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Nos.  381,  382  and  383,  on  the  Porcupine  mountains. 
The  officers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually  on  the 
tirst  Monday  of  Septejnber. 

PORCUPINE  MOUNTAIN  COMPANY-^COO  shares. 

President,  Benjamin  F.  H.  Witherell,  Detroit,  Mich.; 
Secretary,  Samuel  G.  Watson,  do.;  Treasurer,  Israel  Coe, 
do.;  Trustees,  Thomas  Palmer,  Oliver  M.  Hyde,  Alpheus  S. 
Williams,  and  Mason  Palmer,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Henry  Stan- 
ley ;  Arunna  W.  Hyde,  Detroit,  Mich. 

No.  412,  on  the  Porcupine  mountains. 

OLD  SETTLERS'  COMPANY— lOOO  shares. 

Board  of  Directors— President,  John  R.  Williams,  De- 
troit, Mich.;  Secretary,  Charles  Peltier,  do.;  Treasurer, 
James  Abbott,  do.;  James  A.  Vandyke,  Peter  Desnoyers, 


98 


Francis  Cicotte,  and  Philip  Aspinall,  do.;  Frederick  S.  Lit- 
tlejohn,  Cleveland,  Ohio ;  John  13.  Waring,  do. 

Nos.  346  and  347,  on  Elm  river,  350,  351  and  354,  on 
Iron  river,  349,  352  and  353,  on  Carp  river.  The  officers 
of  this  company  are  elected  annually  on  the  second  Mon- 
day of  October. 

NATIONAL  COMPANY-3000  Shares. 

Board  of  Directors — President,  James  B.  Hunt ;  Secre- 
tary, William  S.  Fish;  Treasurer,  James  A.  Weeks;  Phi- 
neas  Davis,  H.  C.  Knight,  Danforth  Petty,  and  Jeremiah 
Clark,  Pontiac,  Mich. 

Four  locations  on  Point  Keew^enaw^,  and  three  on  Elm 
river.  The  officers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually, 
on  the  first  Monday  of  January. 

HAYS'  COMPANY— 3000  Shares. 

Board  of  Directors — President,  John  Hays,  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.;  Vice  President  and  Secretary,  Andrew  T.  McRey- 
nolds;  Treasurer,  John  McReynolds;  Dr.  Thomas  B. 
Clark,  and  John  H.  Sinclair,  Detroit,  Mich. 

The  officers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually,  on 
the  second  Monday  of  October. 

JACKSON  COMPANY— 3100  Shares. 

Board  of  Trustees — President,  Abram  V.  Berry ;  Sec- 
retary, Frederick  W.  Kirtland;  Treasurer,  Philo  M.  Ever- 
ett ;  George  W.  Carr,  and  William  A.  Ernst,  Jackson, 
Mich. 

No.  593,  somewhere  in  T.  46  N.,  R.  27  or  28  W.  The 
officers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually,  on  the  first 
Tuesday  of  June. 

NEW  ENGLAND  AND  MICHIGAN  COMPANY-3000  Shares. 

Board  of  Trustees — President,  David  A.  Noble;  Secre- 
tary, Stephen  G.  Clark;  Treasurer,  Horace  L.  Skinner; 
James  DaiTah,  and  Walter  P.  Clark,  Monroe,  Mich. 

Nos.  246,  247,  248  and  249,  on  Portage  Lake. 


99 

MINERAL  CREEK  COMPANY-MOO  Bharei. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  Isaac  E.  Crary;  Secre- 
tary,  George  C.  Gibbs  ;  Treasurer,  Digby  V.  Bell;  Jarvis 
Hurd,  and  George  Ketchum,  Marshall,  Mich. 

Nos.  357  and  358,  on  the  Porcupine  mountains. 

BOSTON  AND  NORTH  AMERICAN  COMPANY-5000  8liare«. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  George  L.  Oakes,  Bos- 
ton, Mass.;  Secretary,  Henry  R.  Williams ;  Treasurer, 
DeWitt  C.  Lawrence  ;  William  B.  Grenell,  and  Benjamin' 
Smith,  Grand  Rapids. 

Two  locations  somewhere  in  the  vicinity  of  Iron  river. 

LAKE  SHORE  COMPANY-3000  Shares. 

Trustees— Aaron  Clark,  S.  W.  Anderson,  Nathaniel 
Weed,  A.  B.  Hays,  and  Marshall  O.  Roberts,  New  York 
city. 

Location  No.  2,  between  Eagle  river  and  the  Portage. 

STE  MARIE  FALLS  COMPANY-4300  shares. 

Trustees— Samuel  Ashman,  Saut  do  Ste  Marie  ;  Peter 
B.  Barbeau,  do.;  Stephen  R.  Wood,  do.;  John  P.  Rich- 
ardson,  do.;  Philetus  A.  Church,  do. 

This  company  has  secured  four  islands  in  the  falls  of 
Riviere  de  Ste  Marie,  as  desirable  "  locations"  for  erect- 
ing stamping  mills,  &c.,  and  it  is  their  humble  opinion 
that,  at  these  points,  sufficient  water  power  may  be  ob- 
tained for  propelling  a  large  amount  of  machinery. 

FORSYTH  COMPANY-3000  shares. 

Trustees— John  A.  Kennedy,  Charles  A.  Secor,  and 
William  P.  Schmdt,  New  York  city. 
No.  36  1-2,  on  Point  Keewenaw. 

SILVER  AND  COPPER  COMPANY  OF  ONTONAGON  RAPlDS-2500  share... 

Trustees— J.  L.  Graham,  J.  L.  O'SuUivan,  New  York 
city,  and  one  other  unknown. 
Four  locations  on  the  Ontonagon  river. 


100 


CHIPPEWA  COMPANY-1200  shares. 

Trustees— Edward   Curtis,  New   York  city;    Joseph 
Bell,  and  Francis  Crowningshield,  Boston,  Mass. 

Twenty-one  locations  on  Black  and  Ontonagon  rivers. 

CHARTER  OAK  COMPANY— 5000  shares. 

Trustee.  -Elisha    Tyler,    Detroit,    Mich.;    Silas    H. 
Holmes,  do.;  Jacob  M.  Howard,  do. 

FRANKLIN  COMPANY  OF  BOSTON— 3000  shares. 

Trustees— S.  F.  Coolidge,  Boston,  Mass.;  Samuel  Hunt, 
do.;   T.  J.  Lobden,  do. 

Nos.  186, 187,  188  and  292,  on  Carp  river,  near  Choco- 
]p«o  river. 

•     ALGONQUIN  COMPANY  OF  BOSTON-ISOO  shares. 

astees — H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  Boston,  Mass.;  John 
N.Barbour,  do.  and  one  other  unknown ;  Treasurer,  John 
N.  Barbour.      Ten  locations. 

NEW  ENGLAND  COMPANY-5000  shares. 

Trustees — E.  A.  Raymond,  Boston,  Mass.;  David  Kim- 
ball, do.;  E.  W.  Stone,  do.;  Clement  Willis,  do.;  John 
Rayner,  do.;  J.  B.  Smith,  do.;  George  Wheelright,  do. 

Nos.  384,  385,  386,  387,  388,  389,  390,  391,  392,  395, 
396,  397,  and  415,  on  Point  Keewenaw. 

ST.  CROIX  COMPANY. 

Trustees— Rufus  Choate,  Boston,  Mass.;  Robert  Ran- 
toul,  Jr.  do.;  Caleb  Cushing,  Newburyport,  Mass. 

One  location,  on  St.  Croix  river,  and  several  on  Lake 
Superior. 

CARP  RIVER  COMPANY  OF  BOSTON-6500  shares. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  Charles  Henshaw,  Bos- 
ton, Mass.;  Treasurer,  Joseph  M.  Brown,  do.;  John  T. 
Heard,  do. 

NORTHWESTERN  COMPANY  OF  FLINT-3000  shares. 

i  iv...-.viv.!xi — iv.  j^.  xjttuiuuu,  x'iiiii,  iviich.;  secretary, 
Felix  B.  Higgins,  do.;  Treasurer,  Grant  Decker,  do.; 
Trustees,  E.  Vandeventer,  do.;  A,  T.  Crosby,  do. 


101 


N08.311,  312,  313,  314,  315,  316,  317,  318  and  319,  on 
Portage  Lake,  326,  327,  328,  329,  330  and  331,  on  the 
I'orcupine  mountains,  and  three  others. 

CARP  RIVER  GOLD  AND  SILVER  MINING  COMPANY-3000  sharks. 

President— Michael  Douseman,  Mackinac,  Mich.j  Sec- 
retary, John  Prentiss,   Detroit,  Mich.;    Trustee,  H.  T 
±>acku8,  do. 

Several  locations  on  Carp  river,  near  Chocolate  river. 

MASSACHUSETTS  COMPANY. 

Trustees— William  P  reeman,  Boston,  Mass.;  John  T. 
Heard,  do.;  and  one  other  unknown. 
Nos.  13  and  14,  on  Point  Keewenaw. 

LAC  LA  BELLE  COMPANY— 2500  shares. 

Trustees— S.  Starkweather,  James  Brooks,  ani  "Wil- 
ham  W.  Campbell,  New  York  city. 

No.  350,  and  two  others  on  Lac  La  Belle. 

AMERICAN  EXPLORING  COMPANY-5000  shares—Incorporated  by  ti« 

Legislature  OF  Vermont-Capital  «100.C00-CoMPAi«'rOmcESjoHS^ 

BURY,  Vermont. 

President— Francis  E.  Phelps,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Secreta- 
ry Horace  Paddock,  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.;  Treasurer,  Sam- 
uel Coit,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Samuel  Peck,  Saut  de  Ste  Marie, 
agent  for  Michigan. 

The  funds  and  property  of  this  company  are  vested  in 
a  board  of  nine  Trustees. 

COLUMBIAN  COMPANY-3C00  shares. 

Board   of  Directors— President,   David   Smart ;  John 
Drew,  Theodore  Williams,  Selah  Reeve,   and  Elias  C 
Cromwell,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Florence  Mahoney,  and  Daniel 
C.  Hyde,  New  York  city. 

Nos.   132,  on  Ontonagon  river,  and  398,  399,  400,  401 
402  and  403,  on  Misery  river.  ' 

BLACK  RIVER  COMPANY-30«»  shares-Incorporated  by  the  Legislature 
OP  Maryland— Capital  ®30,000. 

President— John  S.  Smith,  Baltimore,  Md. 
One  three-mile  location  on  Black  river. 

PITTSBURGEI  AND  CHIPPEWA  COMPANY-3000  Shares. 

President— James  May,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Five  or  six  locations  in  the  vicinity  of  Lac  La  Belle. 

MICHIGAIi  COMPANY— 3000  shares. 

Board  of  Directors— President,  Origen  D.  Richardson, 
Secretary,  DonC.  Buckland;  Treasurer,  Abraham  B.  Mat- 

9* 


102 

thews;  Gideon O.  Whittemore,  Alfred  J.  Boss,  Ephraim 
S.  Wiihams,  and  Moses  Wisner,  Pontiac,  Mich 

Nos.  221,  222,  223,  259,  268,  467,  468  and  469,  on  the 
Montreal  river.  The  officers  of  this  company  are  elected 
annually,  on  the  first  Monday  of  January. 

BOSTON  AND  DETROIT  COMPANY-SOOO  SharcB. 

Trustees— Charles  Scudder,  Dr.  Thomas  Jones,  Charles 
L.  Bartlett,  and  William  Underwood,  Boston,  Mass.; 
George  C.  Bates,  Detroit,  Mich.  This  company  has  three 
three-mile  locations  on  Point  Keewenaw. 

MARSHALL  AND  BOSTON  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY-5000  Shares. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  Henry  "W.  Taylor;  Sec- 

'^??^7'  ?r^^^.^  ^-  ^""'S^^ ;  Treasurer,  Charles  C.  Gorham; 
Dighf¥.  Bell,  and  Robert  Cross,  Marshall,  Mich. 

Nos.  217,  on  Carp  river,  near  Chocolate  river,  355  on 
Iron  river,  464,  Ontonagon  river,  465  and  466,  and  two 
others. 

UNION  COMPANY. 

Trustees— John  J.  Palmer,    Robert  Hyslop,  Ramsay 
Crooks,  and  Daniel  S.  Miller,  New  York  city.;  Charles  W 
Borup,  La  Pointe,  Lake  Superior. 

COPPER  ROCK  COMPANY-3C00  Shares. 

Trustees— Theodore  Olcott  and  Thaddeus  Joy,  Alba- 
ny, N.  1.;  Lucius  Tuckerman,  Chicago,  111. 

Nos.  113,  on  Ontonagon  river,  530,  Black  river,  539, 
'>40  and  541,  on  Tobacco  river,  Point  Keewenaw. 

GREEN  MOUNTAIN  AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY-3.500  Shares 

President— A.  S.  Williams;  Secretary,  E.  Smith  Lee; 
Ireasurer,  Alex.  W.  Buel;  Trustees,  Oliver  M.  Hyde 
and  Edward  Doyle,  Detroit,  Mich.;  James  K.  Hyde,  Sud- 
bury, Vt.;  Edward  Jackson,  Brandon,  Vt.;  Henry  Stan- 
iy,  W-est  Poultney,  Vt.;  Pitt  W.  Hyde,  Castleton,  Vt.; 
Russell  Gage,  Detroit,  Mich. 

No.  413,  on  the  Torcupine  mountains. 

Keewenaw  Company  of  Boston,  2500  shares.'^ 

Algomah  Company  of  Boston,  eight  locations. 

Portage  Company  of  New  York,  3000  shares. 

Cuyahoga  Copper  Smelting  Company  of  Cleveland. 
Incorporated  by  the  Legislature  of  Ohio.' 

Ohio  Copper  and  Silver  Smelting  Company,  of  Cleve- 
land.    Incorporated  by  the  Legislature  of  Ohio. 


LIST  OF  LOCATIONS, 

Made  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  upon  Permits  issued  from  the 
War  Department  at  Washington,  and  applications  to  the  Mineral  Agcncv 
lit  Copper  Harbor,  from  August,  1844,  to  November,  1845. 


No. 


Name. 


Wm  Pettit 
Joseph  Pettit 
N  D  Miniclier 
Dan'l  Ruggles 
Wm  Ruggles 
W  J  Welles 
T  B  Biddle 
F  Norvell 
D  A  Phojnix 
C  Bestor 
J  A  Smith 
J  V  Watson 
James  Higgins 
R  R  Richards 
A  Morell 
C  Bush 
S  W  Tucker 
T  Titus 
M  Coryell 
S  W  Bickley 
C  Payne 
A  Stewart 


6 

7 

8 

!) 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

231 G  Decker 

24  J  HiiTgins 

25  H  Whitney 

26  J  Chiids 

27  R  D  Cutts 

28  G  Kemble 
.29  H  Morris 

30  Wm  Kemble 

31  G  W  Morris 

32  J  Blunt 

33  A  H  Ward 

34  W  H  Hudson 

35  L  Waterbury 

36  J  M  Waterbury 

37  C  Douglass 
33  J  Henshaw 
39  Tho'8  Cowles 


Residence, 


Pittsburgh 

Ohio 

Cop.  Harbor 

Unknown 
Detroit 


New  York 
Washington 


Detroit 


New  York 


Philadelphia 
Detroit 


Boston 
Wisconsin 
Washington 
Cold  Springs 

New  York 

<< 

<( 
u 
II 
tl 
<( 
<( 

Wisconsin 
Mass. 
Connecticut   J 


No. 

~Io 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 


Name. 


Residence. 


Wm  Ward 
R  Adams 
Lucius  Lyon 
Wm  Robinson,. Tr 
C  M  Humphrey 
Sam'l  Peck 
A  Sherman 
R  Chapman 
'-T  F  Randolph 
Alba  .Tones 
C  Wickware 
R  S  Rice 
Jno  Winder 
M  Bates 
A  Harvie 
R  E  Roberts 
POrd 
C  Colton 
•I  E  Skinner 


C  C  Douglass 
C  Comstock 
Li  S  Humphrey 
J  Stryker 
J  Wilkinson 
J  Roy 
D  B  Jewett 
E  C  Litchfield 
A  H  Gei.s.se 
J  H  Kinzie 
Geo  C  Bates 
A  H  Hanscom 
C  K  Green 
fohn  Norvell 
f  Howard 
f  L  Helfenstein 
G  Campbell 
A  W  MagiH 
J  Maeiil" 
T  L  Wharton 


Mass. 

Virginia 

Detroit 

Alleghany 

Michigan 

St  Jo  Island 

Mackinac 

<( 

Detroit 

Unknown 

Detroit 

« 


Ste  Marie 
Michigan 


Eagle  River 
Michigan 


<( 


Rome  N  Y 

Syracuse  NY 

Watervliet 

West  Troy 

Watervliet 

Detroit 

Chicago 

Detroit 

Pontiac 

Niles 

Detroit 

tl 

Chicago 
(1 

(( 

«t 

Philadelphia 


104 


79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 


W  G  Alexander 
T  Edwards 
W  Hadding 
•T  B  Campbell 
L  Richardiion 
T  R  Moorehcad 


Residenck. 


85  W  B  EnghuMt 

86  J  B  Moorehead 

87  B  Ford 

88  L  W  Tappan 

89  J  May 

90  P  McCorinick 

91  J  B  Murray 

92  T  Scott 

93  L  Tibbatts 

94  H  Higgins 

95  G  H  Hazleton 

96  E  H  Thompson 
07  D  H  Holcomb 

98  J  L  Hempstead 

99  H  E  Davis 

100  H  Edwards 

101  C  Stoddard' 

102  John  Tappan 

103  C  Tappan 

104  T  Myers 

105  T  Myers 

106  C  Painter 

107  N  Vorthey 

108  G  C  Warner 

109  E  Griffin 

110  J  E  Berry 

111  ..  Clark 

112  A  Mayhew 

113  J  Paul 

114  J  J  Boyd 

115  Ed  Hinker 

116  J  A  Swartz 

117  T  De  Riivter 

118  A  H  Mickle 

119  Vr  Dougherty 

120  W  Chamberlain 

121  M  X  Harmony 

122  G  Hopkins 

123  W  Carell 

124  \V  Hall 


125 


Philadelphia 
Ste  Marie 
Cop.  Harbor 


ti 


Pittsburgh 


Boston 
Pittsburgh 


Newport  Ky 

Detroit 

Flint 

u 

j  Chicago 
Agate  Harb. 
New  York 
Boston 


Pittsburgh 


« 


Cop.  Harbor 


Ontonagon 
New  York 

« 

<< 
« 

« 


Albany 


G  K  Lyster         |New  York 


126 

127 

128 

129 

130 

131 

132 

133 

134 

135 

136 

137 

138 

139 

]40 

141 

142 

143 

144 

145 

146 

147 

148 

149 

150 

151 

152 

153 

154 


A  Jones 
T  K  Kottel 
E  Chandler 
W  Warder 
A  T  Hall 
J  Burgess 
C  Y  Richmond 
0  D  Conger 
M  Titus 
P  S  Titus 
J  H  Titus 
T  Chapin 
G  R  Griswold 
E  J  Roberts 
K  Dygert 
C  Richmond 
J  Marsh 
J  Campbell 
G  Moran 
S  MoCulley 
B  H  Brewster 
A  Gouin 
W  J  Craus 
A  S  Hall 
E  Larned 
C  G  Larned 
J  Hitchcock 
S  W  Caulkins 

K  Hayford 

155 p  Thornton 
156!S  Mavnai-d 

157  C  B  Wheclock 

158  D  Hamilton 

159  C  Kenyon 

160  T  Williams 

161  J  Eights 

162  A  Fuller 

163  H  Atwood 

164  \  Ashley 

165  R  Miller 

166  J  J  Roberts 

167  J  Brown 

168  E  Prentiss 

169  R  S  Cox 
170 'C  Bradley 
171  M  St  C  Clark 


172 


C  J  Mourse 


New  York 
u 

« 

Springfield  0 
Detroit 
Ripley  N  Y 
Cleveland 
Jackson 


Buffalo 
Detroit 


Aurora  N  Y 

Philadelphia 

Detroit 

Philadelphia 
<( 

Detroit 

Glastonbury 

Watervliet 

<< 

u 

West  Troy 
Watervliet 
West  Troy 
Richmond  Va 
Green  Bay 
Watervliet 

Newburgh 

Albany 

Washington 

Mt  Clemens 

Philadelphia 

Richmond  Va 

Newburgh 

Detroit 

<< 

Washington 


105 


V 


\ 


iNo. 


Name. 


Residence. 


173  G  Lambly 

174  P  Quinn 
17.0  W  H  Howe 
17fi  .J  Chester 
^77  T  Picket 

178  ,[  Gorneo 

179  J  Darrah 

180  J  M  Sterling 

181  .J  G  Clark 

182  .J  Sahl 

183  .T  Adams 

184  S  B  Borneau 
183  H  B  Sweeney 

186  J  J  Peavey 

187  C  Boyle 

188  Geo  Sweeney 

189  H  Knollman 

190  F  Wallner 

191  K  Muller 

192  J  Snyder 

193  .T  Mymner 

194  C  Bourassan 

195  L  Cantaim 

196  D  Millett 

197  W  Cameron 

198  P  La  Riviere 

199  F  Webster 

200  F  Marsh 

201  W  A  Cheever 

202  H  Qui.m 

203  C  W  Marsh 

204  D  A  Hall 

205  T  Tyler 

206  .1  Myrne 

207  T  Donoho 

208  A  Crawford 

209  N  Bowdoin 

210  W  O'Brien 

211  P  Deitzer 

212  L  C  Forsyth 

213  A  Olds 

214  C  Babe 

215  D  Monger 

216  C  T  Gorham 

ri  v\  luylor 

H  Jacobs 

G  0  Whittemore 


217 
218 
219 


Cop.  Harbor 

Pittsburgh 
Detroit 
Cop,  Harbor 
Ste  Marie 
Monroe 

Unknown 

u 

Cop.  Harbor 
Washington 

a 
(I 

Maine 

Washington 
ti 

Cop.  Harbor 

<( 

ti 
II 
ti 

Mackinac 

Ste  Marie 

Mackinac 

Ste  Marie 

Mackinac 

Boston 

New  York 

Boston 

Washington 

Boston 

Washington 

ti 

Baltimore 
Washington 
Cop.  Harbor 
Green  Bay 
Cop.  Harbor 
Detroit 


St  Joseph 

Detroit 

Marshall 


Michigan 
Ponti.ac 


No. 


N 


A  ME. 


220  J  Buttertield 

221  H  Park 

222  E  B  Wales 

223  C  C  Park 

224  A  Clark 

225  W  Schlatter 

226  W  M  Ord 

227  C  Mendenhall 

228  J  Smith 

229  J  Bartlett 

230  F  Bartlett 

231  H  Coffin 

232  C  H  Ladd 

233  J  D  Symes 

234  J  Cutter 

235  L  Odell 

236  S  Gookin 

237  G  Jaffrey 

238  R  C  Cutter 

239  C  W  Brewster 

240  Geo  Pareon 

241  Sam'l  Bee 

242  A  H  Ladd 

243  J  W  Emmons 

244  W  C  Rollins 

245  C  T  Tappan 

246  W  C  Steriing 

247  W  P  Clark 

248  W  W  Prentice 

249  H  L  Skinner 
250fWP  Clark  Jr 
251  C  G  Hammond 


252 

253 

254 

255 

256 

257 

258 

259 

260 

2C1 

26L 


R  Gilleit 
H  Ledyard 
J  R  Grout 
G  Williams 
A  Williams 
N  P  Stewart 
H  C  Thurber 
S  Stevens 
J  Herrick 
J  F  Webb 
Lnowles 


Residence. 


Ponliac 

Detroit 
Pontiac 
Unknown 
Chicago 
Ste  Marie 
La  Point 

Portsmouth 

li 

ti 
II 
(I 
(1 
li 
<( 


Ch'lest'n  Ms 

Portsmouth 

ti 

It 
ti 

tt 


Monroe 
Detroit 


It 
It 
ii 
II 


It 
Pontiac 


It 
ti 


263,ki'arks 

264 

265 

266 


Isaac  Gage 
S  L  Harris 
N  Sargent 


Maine 

Washington 
'Maine 
Wisconsin 
Augusta 
Maine 
Philadelphia 


106 


No. 


Name. 


Residence. 


267  H  J  Buckley 
2«8  O  D  Richardson 
2tf9  J  M  Williams 

270  W  Weber 

271  H  Falley 

272  J  ErwiH 

273  J  Col  beck  ' 

274  F  Bergman 

275  C  Kiindert 

276  C  Hoffman 

277  CHenshaw 

278  R  Choate 
27fl  J  H  Adams 

280  C  Scudder 

281  C  W  Painter 

282  J  Painter 

283  J  Graham 

284  Robert  Swan 

285  A  B  Haine 

286  J  A  Constant 

287  J  Tuckerman 

288  J  Ward 

289  J  Davis 

290  3  Bartiett 

291  J  Davis 

292  F  W  Davis 
P  (S)  Sheldon 
Tho's  Dixon 
J  Hanna 
V  Saunders 
E  P  Gieason 
W  Bennett 
J  S  Farraiid 
W  A  Richmond 
Wm  Hale 
FA  Harding 
E  Brooks 
J  R  Brnadhead 
A  Livingston 

Names  not 


294 

29.5 

296 

297 

298 

299 

3(10 

301 

302 

303 

304 

.305 

.306 

3071 

308! 

309 

310 

311 

312 

313 

314 

315 

316 

317 

318 

319 

320 

321 

322 

323 

324 

.T25 

326 

327 


registered 


HSHay 
J  J  Rinchard 
3  Green 
J  Anderson 
Ed  Moran 
F  La  Clair 
J  Brinkinan 
P  Lemming 
W  Miller 
N  Updrgraph 
J  Painter 
J  W  Webb 
G  A  Barstow 
0  W  Cutter 
W  H  Moreli 
J  A  Trumbull 
C  E  Dewey 


Detroit 
Pontiac 

Cop.  Harbor 

.4 

<t 
H 
<i 


Boston 

« 

Pittsburgh 

« 

<t 

New  York 

<i 

Ontonagon 
Boston 


n 

Pittsburgh 
Kentucky 
Cop.  Harbor 

Detroit 


New  York 
Unknown 

« 

<i 
Detroit 


Utica,  N  Y 

Detroit 
«i 

<< 

« 

Sidney,  Ohio 
Pittsburgh 
New  York 
lioston 
Portsmouth 
New  York 
Flint,  Mich. 


No. 


Name. 


328 
320 
330 
331 
332 
33:-i 
334 
3;?j 
33e 

337 
33e 
336 
340 
341 
342 
343 
344 


Elias  Williams 
E  Vandewater 
W  Moon 
D  D  Dewey 
W  Richards 
J  Beris 

W  H  Longridge 
H  N  Howard 
P  Hogan 
A  Merryweather 
W  H  Mercer 
E  Trufont 
I)  Burt 
J  Wylde 
N  Wyckoffe 
J  Raymond 
A  D  'I'erbush 


345  c  E  Sht'pard 


346 

347 

34& 

349 

350 

a51 

a52 

353 

354 

355 

356 

357 

356 

359 

360 

361 

302 

363 

304 

365 

366 

367 

368 


J  L  Cuyler 
J  B  Dumont 
D  C  Littlejohn 
G  F  Littlejohn 
J  B  Waring 
F  J  Littlejohn 
P  S  Littlejohn 
E  Willis 
CC  Willis 
T  Jones 
S  Dickey 
D  V  Bell 
B  Humphrey 
G  8  Wright 
L  Hanna 
J  Glenn 
W  C  Glenn 
E  T  Ellicott 
A  Ellicott 
B  Ellicott 
E  Chaising 
L  De  Milham 
£  Ellicott 


369  J  p  Murphy 


371 
371 
372 
373 


J  Da  via 
T  Perry 
H  Sturdy 
E  C  Raum 


3/4wWSpaHlding 


37 

37<. 

377 

376 

379 

380 

381 

382 


J  Carl 
C  Lewis 
R  Jennings 
C  Cheney 
D  Kendall 
M  Wallace 
H  N  Munson 
J  B  Watson 


Residence. 


383  T  Palmer 


384 

385 
386 
387 

388 


RHall 
J  Lilly 
Asa  f'isk 
D  Kimball 
N  Waterman 


Flint,  Mich. 


Cop  Harbor 
.'Pontiac 

u 
<l 
it 

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a 

Detroit 

t( 

Aurora,  N  Y 

11 

Allegan 

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tt 
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11 
II 


Boston 

Penn. 

Marshall 


New  Lisbon,  O 

Baltimore 

11 

i< 
II 
II 
ti 


Pittsburgh 
Cop.  Harbor 


Ontonagon 
Cop.  Harbor 


Cleveland 
Pittsburgh 
Plattsburgh 
Cop.  Harbor 
St.  Clair 

Detroit 

ti 

Boston 


11 


107 


No. 


Name. 


ilDENCE. 

Mich. 

Harbor 
ic 

smens 

t 

i,NY 

n 


Residence. 


Ill 


iisbon,  O 
ore 


rgh 
arbor 


gon 
irbor 


nd 

rgh 
rbor 

r 


389  E  W  Stone 
:](M)  A  Randall 
30t  S  Curtis 
tm  J  II  Sears 
<m  V  Brown 

394  G  £  Davis 

395  A  W  Benton 

396  E  A  Raymond 
397iM  Kimball 
:»8  S  O  Watts 


399 

400 

401 

402 

403 

404 

405 

406 

407 

408 

409 

410 

411 

413 

413 


E  F  Gleason 
JO  Williams 
M  Sayer 
L  Southbird 
L  Shawen 
W  H  Boyer 
W  R  Gormley 
W  W  Dallas 
G  R  White 
PLibbey 
R  Homer 
T  Ten  Eyck 
T  Palmer 
E  Doyle 
O  M  Hyde 


414  O  Chamberlain 

415  J  Alexander 

416  N  G  Kartright 

417  H  H  Hale 

418  C  H  Ta'cott 

419  J  L  Rosvvell 

420  JPCunningliam 

421  IVI  Matthews 

422  J  Blanvelt 

423  W  A  Cheevcr 

424  D  A  Hall 

425  E  Harriman 

426  E  Curtis 

427  W  G  Snethen 

428  W  Cameron 

429  p  La  Riviere 

430  D  Millett 

431  L  Cantaim 

432  C  Bourassan 
4*3  C  Merritt 
434  J  E  Hyde 
43.)  J  McCabe 
430  Z  B  Knight 
43^  T  J  Hunt 

438  H  Hubbard 

439  T  H  Perden 

440  J  F  Gleason 

441  C  B  Marvin 

442  M  P  Marvin 

443  T  H  Hawley 

444  A  Godard 

445  O  Holmes 

446  W  W  Johnson 

447  J  A  Vandyke 

448  J  p  Teller 

449  P  Hussey 


Boston 
II 


Cop.  Harbor 


Reading,  Pa. 

Pittsburgh 
ti 

11 

Bos:on 

11 

ii 
Detroit 


Pontiac 
Boston 
New  Y'ork 
Connecticut 

Hartford 
New  York 
Carthage,  N  Y 
Albion,  Mich 
Boston 
Washington 
Tennessee 
New  York 
Washinfrton 
Ste  Marie 
Mackinac 

Ste  Marie 
Mackinac 
Battle  Creek 

Pontiac 

11 

i< 
i< 

Chicago 
Virginia 
Maine 
Monroe 


Detroit 


Ohio 


No. 


Name. 


Residence. 


450  DD  Davis 


4.)! 

43S 
450 

m 

45.- 
4.>6 
457 
4.58 
459 
46C 
461 
462 
463 
464 
•65 
46(i 
467 

469 
470 

471 
472 
473 
474 

47.': 
476 
477 
478 
479 
480 
481 
482 
483 
484 


E  Jones 
M  Mason 
D  O'Connor 


U  Sweeney 
Wm  White 
C  Kidder 
Wm  Robinson 
Geo  Crosby 
Jas  S  Allen 
S  Chamberlain 
M  Paisons 
H  ATillotson 
A  L  Hayes 
A  C  Parrnelee 
C  P  Kellogg 
Rob'i  Cross 
A  L  Leiand 
L  Bacon 
W  J  Nelson 
A  B  Matthews 
BO  Williams 
OFWisner 
J  C  Smith 
J  Almy 
J  Richmond 
S  K  Haring 
A  W  Spies 
B  Banks 
Milo  Soiile 
H  H  Sylvester 
R  C  Weightman 
(iC  Thomas 
James  Adams 
S  B  Boarman 
4e5:HB  Sweeney 

486  WW  Rowe 

487  Chas  O  Record 

488  Vl  s  Palmer 

489  EBowen 

4911  w  W  Hudson 
491  B  Miles  or  R  Niles 
49:J  J  M  Oakley 

493  J  Otis 

494  A  H  Howard 

495  E  S  Lee 
49G  R  H  Page 

497  H  M  Smith 

498  M  B  Mac  lay 

499  R  W  Morrison 

500  J  G  Thurber 

501  A  E  Wing 
.502  C  Noble 
.103  J  a  Adams 

504  H  Smith 

505  E  Jewctt 

506  T  W  Patchin         i 

507  R  D  Hubbard         I 
•ivr  I  jL,nfnb 

509  W  H  Simpson 

510  Henry  Swift 


Cop.  Harbor 

Independence 
Rome,  N  Y 
Huron,  O. 
Pittsburgh 
Baltimore 


Pontiac 
Marshall 


Hastings,  aMich. 
Marshall 

Pontiac 


Grand  Rapids 

Aurora.  NY 

Mackinac 

New  York 

Marshall 
II 

Washington 


Bangor,  Me. 

II 

II 
.« 
11 
It 


Detroit 


II 
Monroe 


Unknown 


^ 


108 


511 

51'i 
.513 
314 
515 
516 
517 
518 


J  Stickncy 
Rob't  Bc.'ll 
H  (T  or  8)  Titus 
W  McConnell 
Haye8 


52U 

521 

522 

52!j 

524 

525 

526 

527 

528 

529 

530 

i)31 

532 

53*3 

5^4 

535 

5.36 

537 

538 

539 

540 

541 

542 

543 

544 

545 

546 

547 

548 

549 

550 

551 


J  H  Cowder 
»  A  Lee 
J  M  Erwin  • 
519  fi  W  Guthrie 
A  {}  Benson 
(G  or  S)  A  Dwight 
Chas  King 
E  Kinginfiii 
H  B  Loornis 
(S  or  J)  P  Lyman 
W  H  Morell 
H  T  Raymond 
J  D  Olmstt.'ad 
T  (S)  Snowden 
Ffiichrnond 
P  Morey 

H  or  (.'  bimstoad 
(»  R  Ilazovvell 
J  E  Chiiinan 
B  H  <  human 
W  lla\v<.<s 
('  Murdock 
T  Olcott 


Unknown 


J  Day 

L  Day 

O  T  Chamberlain 
C  C  Cnshman 
J  Robinson 
a  H  Wintney 
H  LOhphant 
A  Sht'pard 
PA  Elliot 
HT  Backus 
OE  Harbaugh 
WD  Wilson 
J  Robinson,  Jr 


^e\v  York 
Unknown 


Adrian,  Mich 

Michigan 

Unknown 


ISpringwells 
[Detroit 
iMilwaukie 
!  Detroit 


5521J  R  Bowman 
5,->;j  J  H  Sinclair 
5.').|  John  McRcynolds 
5.-).-   \  T  McReynulds 
551    Wllollia 
5)7  J  M  II  a  I  ley 
5.>  P  Van  Dewort 
5511  W  M  Clark 
5fi(i  M  Jarvis 
501  J  T  Coddin?ton 
5!>v  R  C  Wctmore 
503  VI  Kimball 

564  J  Walter 

565  II  M  Child,-! 

566  II  II  11,1 1 1 

567  0 II  Talcott 
50?  J  PCunniniiham 
500  J  D  Constant 
57(1  J  'J'uckcrman 
571  J  L  Boswell 
572IP  WOysburgh 
573  R  Benson 


Residence. 

Unknown 
•t 

Detroit 
It 

Unknown 

44 
4< 
44 
44 


44 

44 


574 

57.) 

57(i 

577 

578 

57!) 

58( 

581 

5»2 

583 

584 


E  Blunt 
AUVod  Douglass 


•I  A  Scrim 
P  a  Kartwright 
W  J  Staples 
H  B  Toy 
J  C  Ay  res 
H  Walbridrte 
HORislcv 
C  W  Bojesti 
.585lC110akes 
580  Thomas  Card 
587  P  P  Sandford 
5B8|WM  Thnfnpson 

589  Geo  Mendenhall 
590 

59  ij 

592,  Sam'l  Brooks 


New  York 
Albany 

Unknown 

44 
44 

4  4 
44 
44 


La  Pointe 
Unknown 


REMARKS. 
.    Nos.  194,  19o,  196,  197  and  198,  have  been  withdrawn 
and  re-located  as  Nos.  428,  429,  430,  431  and  432. 

No.  201  has  been  v^^ithdra^^n  and  re-located  as  No.  423. 

No.  204  has  been  withdravi^n  and  re-located  as  No.  424. 

No.  297  has  been  withdrawn  and  re-located  as  No.  399. 


109 


ADDENDA. 

HOPE  COMPANY-5000  HtiAHm. 

Board  of  Trustees — President,  E.  B.  Bostwick,  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.;  Secretary,  John  Almy,  Detroit,  Mich.; 
Treasurer,  Wm.  A.  Richmond,  do.;  Benjamin  Merritt, 
New  York  city ;  A.  N.  Hart,  Lapeer,  Mich. 

Nos.  299,  300,  301,  302  and  303,  on  the  Porcupine 
mountains,  near  the  Lake,  and  57,  58  and  304,  on  Montreal 
river,  and  three  others.  It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to 
page  95,  that  the  valuable  locations  of  this  company  are 
taken  from  among  those  which  are  there  enumerated  as 
belonging  to  the  New  York  and  Michigan  Company.  This 
division  is  prudent.  The  concentrating  of  so  much  wealth 
in  one  company  has  a  tendency  to  create  a  monopoly. 

iETNA  COMPANY— 3000  Shares, 

Board  of  DzVec^or^— President,  J.  L.  Whiting,  Detroit, 
Mich.;  Secretary,  Wm.  M.  Snow,  do.;  Treasurer,  Samuel 
Coit,  do.;  Frederick  Wetmore,  do.;  H.  D.  Ganison,  do.; 
Trustees — Zina  Pitcher  and  Theodore  Williams,  Detroit, 
Mich. 

No.  546,  on  Salmon  Trout  river,  a  line  location,  and 
one  other  on  Ontonagon  river. 


ERRATA. 

Page  16,  line  26,  for  "  northeast^''  read  "  northwest." 
Page  IS,  line  1,  for  ^^  riurtheast,"  read  *'  northwest." 
Page  92,  line  2,  after  "  WiUimm"  insert  and  read  "  D. 
G.  Jones,  Detroit,  Mich." 


#■ 


